Courtesy :Post Graduate Diploma in Business Administration (PGDBA)

Brazil

Further information: Universities and higher education in Brazil

Graduate degrees in Brazil are called “postgraduate” degrees and can be taken only after undergraduate education has been completed.

• Lato sensu graduate degrees: degrees that represent a specialization in a certain area and take from 1 to 2 years to complete. It can sometimes be used to describe a specialization level between a master’s degree and an MBA. In that sense, the main difference is that the Lato Sensu courses tend to go deeper into the scientific aspects of the study field, while MBA programs tend to be more focused on the practical and professional aspects, being used more frequently to Business, Management and Administration areas. However, since there are no norms to regulate this, both names are used indiscriminately most of the time.
• Stricto sensu graduate degrees: degrees for those who wish to pursue an academic career.
  • Masters: 2 years for completion. Usually serves as additional qualification for those seeking a differential on the job market (and maybe later a PhD), or for those who want to pursue a PhD. Most doctoral programs in Brazil require a master’s degree (stricto sensu), meaning that a lato sensu degree is usually insufficient to start a doctoral program.
  • Doctors / PhD: 3–4 years for completion. Usually used as a stepping stone for academic life. # ISO certification in India

Canada

In Canada, the Schools and Faculties of Graduate Studies are represented by the Canadian Association of Graduate Studies (CAGS) or Association canadienne pour les études supérieures (ACES). The Association brings together 58 Canadian universities with graduate programs, two national graduate student associations, and the three federal research-granting agencies and organizations having an interest in graduate studies.Its mandate is to promote, advance, and foster excellence in graduate education and university research in Canada. In addition to an annual conference, the association prepares briefs on issues related to graduate studies including supervision, funding, and professional development. # ISO certification in India

Admission

Admission to a master’s program generally requires a bachelor’s degree in a related field, with sufficiently high grades usually ranging from B+ and higher (note that different schools have different letter grade conventions, and this requirement may be significantly higher in some faculties) and recommendations from professors. Some schools require samples of the student’s writing as well as a research proposal. At English-speaking universities, applicants from countries where English is not the primary language are required to submit scores from the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). # ISO certification in India

Admission to a doctoral program typically requires a master’s degree in a related field, sufficiently high grades, recommendations, samples of writing, a research proposal, and an interview with a prospective supervisor. Requirements are often set higher than those for a master’s program. In exceptional cases, a student holding an honours BA with sufficiently high grades and proven writing and research abilities may be admitted directly to a Ph.D. program without the requirement to first complete a master’s. Many Canadian graduate programs allow students who start in a master’s to “reclassify” into a Ph.D. program after satisfactory performance in the first year, bypassing the master’s degree. # ISO certification in India

Students must usually declare their research goal or submit a research proposal upon entering graduate school; in the case of master’s degrees, there will be some flexibility (that is, one is not held to one’s research proposal, although major changes, for example from premodern to modern history, are discouraged). In the case of Ph.D.s, the research direction is usually known as it will typically follow the direction of the master’s research.

Master’s degrees can be completed in one year but normally take at least two; they typically may not exceed five years. Doctoral degrees require a minimum of two years but frequently take much longer, although not usually exceeding six years. # ISO certification in India