Courtesy : Diploma in business administration
Etymology
The English verb “manage” has its roots by the XV century French verb ‘mesnager’, which often referred in equestrian language “to hold in hand the reins of a horse”.Also the Italian term maneggiare (to handle, especially tools or a horse) is possible. In Spanish, manejar can also mean to rule the horses.These three terms derive from the two Latin words manus (hand) and agere (to act).# ISO certification in India
The French word for housekeeping, ménagerie, derived from ménager (“to keep house”; compare ménage for “household”), also encompasses taking care of domestic animals. Ménagerie is the French translation of Xenophon’s famous book Oeconomicus(Greek: Οἰκονομικός) on household matters and husbandry. The French word mesnagement (or ménagement) influenced the semantic development of the English word management in the 17th and 18th centuries.# ISO certification in India
Definitions
Views on the definition and scope of management include:
- Henri Fayol (1841–1925) stated: “to manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate and to control.”
- Fredmund Malik (1944– ) defines management as “the transformation of resources into utility”.
- Management is included[by whom?] as one of the factors of production – along with machines, materials and money.
- Ghislain Deslandes defines management as “a vulnerable force, under pressure to achieve results and endowed with the triple power of constraint, imitation and imagination, operating on subjective, interpersonal, institutional and environmental levels”.
- Peter Drucker (1909–2005) saw the basic task of management as twofold: marketing and innovation. Nevertheless, innovation is also linked to marketing (product innovation is a central strategic marketing issue).[citation needed] Drucker identifies marketing as a key essence for business success, but management and marketing are generally understood[by whom?] as two different branches of business administration knowledge.
Theoretical scope
Management involves identifying the mission, objective, procedures, rules and manipulation of the human capital of an enterprise to contribute to the success of the enterprise.Scholars have focused on the management of individual, organizational, and inter-organizational relationships. This implies effective communication: an enterprise environment (as opposed to a physical or mechanical mechanism) implies human motivation and implies some sort of successful progress or system outcome. As such, management is not the manipulation of a mechanism (machine or automated program), not the herding of animals, and can occur either in a legal or in an illegal enterprise or environment. From an individual’s perspective, management does not need to be seen solely from an enterprise point of view, because management is an essential[quantify] function in improving one’s life and relationships. Management is therefore everywhere and it has a wider range of application.[clarification needed] Communication and a positive endeavor are two main aspects of it either through enterprise or through independent pursuit.[citation needed] Plans, measurements, motivational psychological tools, goals, and economic measures (profit, etc.) may or may not be necessary components for there to be management. At first, one views management functionally, such as measuring quantity, adjusting plans, and meeting goals[citation needed], but this applies even in situations where planning does not take place. From this perspective, Henri Fayol (1841–1925)[page needed]considers management to consist of five functions:# ISO certification in India
- planning (forecasting)
- organizing
- commanding
- coordinating
- controlling
In another way of thinking, Mary Parker Follett (1868–1933), allegedly defined management as “the art of getting things done through people”.She described management as a philosophy.[need quotation to verify]
Critics[which?], however, find this definition useful but far too narrow. The phrase “management is what managers do” occurs widely, suggesting the difficulty of defining management without circularity, the shifting nature of definitions[citation needed] and the connection of managerial practices with the existence of a managerial cadre or of a class.# ISO certification in India
One habit of thought regards management as equivalent to “business administration” and thus excludes management in places outside commerce, as for example in charities and in the public sector. More broadly, every organization must “manage” its work, people, processes, technology, etc. to maximize effectiveness.[citation needed] Nonetheless, many people refer to university departments that teach management as “business schools”. Some such institutions (such as the Harvard Business School) use that name, while others (such as the Yale School of Management) employ the broader term “management”.# ISO certification in India
English-speakers may also use the term “management” or “the management” as a collective word describing the managers of an organization, for example of a corporation. Historically this use of the term often contrasted with the term “labor” – referring to those being managed.
But in the present era[when?] the concept of management is identified[by whom?] in the wide areas[which?] and its frontiers have been pushed[by whom?] to a broader range.[citation needed] Apart from profitable organizations, even non-profit organizations apply management concepts. The concept and its uses are not constrained[by whom?]. Management as a whole is the process of planning, organizing, directing, leading and controlling.
Levels
An organization chart for the United States Coast Guard shows the hierarchy of managerial roles in that organization.
Most organizations have three management levels: first-level, middle-level, and top-level managers. First-line managers are the lowest level of management and manage the work of non-managerial individuals who are directly involved with the production or creation of the organization’s products. First-line managers are often called supervisors, but may also be called line managers, office managers, or even foremen. Middle managers include all levels of management between the first-line level and the top level of the organization. These managers manage the work of first-line managers and may have titles such as department head, project leader, plant manager, or division manager. Top managers are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing the plans and goals that affect the entire organization. These individuals typically have titles such as executive vice president, president, managing director, chief operating officer, chief executive officer, or chairman of the board.
These managers are classified in a hierarchy of authority, and perform different tasks. In many organizations, the number of managers in every level resembles a pyramid. Each level is explained below in specifications of their different responsibilities and likely job titles.
