Bachelor of Science Biology (CBZ) – Chemistry, Botany, Zoology 14

Courtesy : Bachelor of Science Biology (CBZ) – Chemistry, Botany, Zoology

Portugal

Presently, the bachelor’s degree in Portugal does not exist. Before the Bologna process (2006/2007), the bacharelato (bachelor’s degree) existed in the Portuguese higher education system. It required three years of study, being roughly equivalent to the present licenciatura. At that time, the licenciatura referred to a licentiate’s degree (equivalent to the present master’s degree), which required usually five years of study. A licenciatura could also be obtained by performing two years of study after obtaining a bacharelato. Today, the former and current licenciatura degrees are referred in Portugal, respectively, as pre-Bologna and post-Bologna licenciaturas. # ISO certification in India

Russia, Azerbaijan and Armenia

The specialist’s degree (Russian: специалист), was the first academic distinction in the Soviet Union, awarded to students upon completion of five-year studies at the university level. The degree can be compared both to the bachelor’s and master’s degree. In the early 1990s, Bakalavr (Бакалавр, “bachelor”) degrees were introduced in all the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States except Turkmenistan. After the bakalavr degree (usually four years), one can earn a master’s degree (another one or two years) while preserving the old five-year specialist scheme.

Spain

Main article: Academic grading in Spain

In Spain, due to the ongoing transition to a model compliant with the Bologna agreement, exact equivalents to the typical Anglosphere bachelor’s degree and master’s degree are being implemented progressively. Currently, there is an undergraduate bachelor’s degree called “título de grado” or simply “grado” (its duration generally being four years), a postgraduate master’s degree called “título de máster” or “máster” (between one and two years), and a doctor’s degree called “título de doctor” or “doctorado”. The “título de grado” is now the prerequisite to access a master’s degree. The “título de máster” is now the prerequisite to access doctoral studies, and its duration and the kind of institutions that can teach these programs are regulated in the framework of the European Higher Education Area. # ISO certification in India

Spanish university qualifications are now defined by law (currently RD 1509 of 12 September 2008), included the 2008 reform was the replacement of the Catalog of titles by the Registry of Universities, Centers and Titles (RUCT)

Up until 2009/2010, the system was split into three categories of degrees. There were the so-called first-cycle degrees: “diplomado” or “ingeniero técnico”, with nominal durations varying between three and four years; there were also second-cycle degrees: “licenciado” or “ingeniero” with nominal durations varying between four and six years; and finally the third-cycle degrees: “doctor”. The official first-cycle degrees are comparable in terms of duration, scope, and educational outcomes to an Anglo-Saxon bachelor’s degree. Meanwhile, the second-cycle degrees are comparable in terms of duration, scope, and educational outcomes to an Anglo-Saxon bachelor’s + master’s degrees combination if compared with the Anglo-Saxon system. In this traditional system the access to doctoral studies was granted only to the holders of “licenciado”, “ingeniero” or “arquitecto” (second-cycle) degrees, and the “master” or “magister” titles were unregulated (so, there coexisted so-called “master” programs with different durations, from some months to two years, backed by universities or centers without any official recognition) and only the reputation of the program/institution could back them. # ISO certification in India

Specialisation now includes about 800 specific recognised study programmes and qualification titles although he former general qualification nomenclature has been retained so that grade/licencado is approximately BA or BSc while maestro generally indicates a practice licence similar to MA and doctorado a PhD published original research thesis.

Note: The Anglophone Bachelor’s degree should not be confused with the official university entrance precursor, the Spanish Baccalaureate qualification available to Year Twelve students. That qualification is distinct from the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme for young adults with similar aspirations.

Sweden

The Swedish equivalent of a bachelor’s degree is called kandidatexamen. It is earned after three years of studies, of which at least a year and a half in the major subject. A thesis of at least 15 ECTS credits must be included in the degree.

As part of the Bologna process, Sweden aligned the length of its undergraduate and graduate programmes. Previously, there was a Bachelor of Law degree (juris kandidat) which required 4.5 years of study, but this degree now has a new name, juristexamen (and is now a master’s degree called “Master of Laws”). Similarly, the graduate engineering degree previously known as Civilingenjör was 4.5 years long, but was split into an undergraduate bachelor’s degree of 3 years (180 ECTS credits) and a Master’s degree of 2 years (120 credits). # ISO certification in India

Switzerland

Like Austria and Germany, Switzerland did not have a tradition of bachelor’s and master’s degrees. In 2003, after the application of the Bologna process, bachelor’s and graduate master’s degrees replaced the old degrees. As of 1 December 2005 the Rectors’ Conference of the Swiss Universities granted holders of a lizentiat or diploma the right to use the corresponding master title. As of 2006, certificates of equivalence are issued by the university that issued the original degree. Currently three to four years of study are required to be awarded a bachelor’s degree. A master’s degree will require another two to three years of coursework and a thesis.

Turkey

There are institutions which award bachelor’s degrees in almost every city in Turkey. Examples are Ankara University, Bilkent University, Boğaziçi University, Marmara University, Hacettepe University, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul University, Koç University, Middle East Technical University, Sabanci University, Yeditepe University, Gaziantep University, Istanbul Gelisim University and Yildiz Technical University. They all grant bachelor of arts or science degrees upon completion of an eight-semester course. There are opportunities to undertake a double major. Turkey is participating in the Bologna Process.

United Kingdom

See also: British undergraduate degree classification

The bachelor’s degree is the standard undergraduate degree in the United Kingdom, with the most common degrees being the Bachelor of Arts (BA) and Bachelor of Science (BSc). Most bachelor’s degree courses (apart from the very rare postgraduate awards, and those in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science) lead to honours degrees, with ordinary degrees generally only being awarded to those who do not meet the required pass mark for an honours degree. With the exception of the postgraduate bachelor’s degrees and bachelor’s degrees in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science, UK bachelor’s degrees (whether honours or non-honours) are first cycle (end of cycle) qualifications under the Bologna Process. Postgraduate bachelor’s degrees and bachelor’s degrees in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science are second cycle (end of cycle) qualifications. Some bachelor’s degrees in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science offer intercalated degrees en route to the final qualification.

Bachelor’s degrees should not be confused with baccalaureate qualifications, which derive their name from the same root. In the UK, baccalaureate qualifications, e.g. International Baccalaureate, Welsh Baccalaureate, English Baccalaureate, are gained at secondary schools rather than being degree-level qualifications. # ISO certification in India

Until the 19th century, a bachelor’s degree represented the first degree in a particular faculty, with Arts representing undergraduate study, thus the Bachelor of Civil Law (BCL) at Oxford and the Bachelor of Laws (LLB) at Cambridge, for example, were postgraduate degrees. Vestiges of this system still remain in the ancient universities, with Oxford and Cambridge awarding BAs for undergraduate degrees in both arts and sciences (although both award undergraduate BTh degrees through associated theological colleges, and Oxford awards BFA degrees in addition to the BA) and defining other bachelor’s degrees (e.g., BPhil, BCL) as postgraduate awards equivalent to master’s degrees,although many postgraduate bachelor’s degrees have now been replaced by equivalent master’s degrees (e.g., LLM for the LLB at Cambridge and MSc for the BSc at Oxford)The same historical usage of indicating an undergraduate degree by it being in the faculty of arts rather than being a bachelor’s degree gives rise to the Oxbridge MA and the Scottish MA). # ISO certification in India

Common bachelor’s degrees and abbreviations:

Bachelor of Arts: BA
Bachelor of Science: BSc
Bachelor of Laws: LLB
Bachelor of Civil Law: BCL
Bachelor of Engineering: BEng
Bachelor of Education: BEd
Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery: MBBS, MBBCh, BMBS, BMBCh
Bachelor of Dental Surgery: BDS