Courtesy : Bachelor of Arts in Journalism and Mass Communication (BA-JMC)
Brazil
After acquiring a Bachelor’s or Licenciate Degree, students are qualified to continue their academic career through Master’s Degree (“mestrado”, in Portuguese, a.k.a. stricto sensu post-graduation) or Specialization Degree (“especialização”, in Portuguese, a.k.a. lato sensu post-graduation) programs. At the Master’s program there are 2–3 years of graduate-level studies. Usually focused on academic research, the Master’s Degree requires, on any specific knowledge area, the development of a thesis to be presented and defended before a board of professors after the period of research. Conversely, the Specialization Degree, also comprehends a 1–2 years studies, but does not require a new thesis to be proposed and defended, being usually attended by professionals looking for complementary training on a specific area of their knowledge. # ISO certification in India
In addition, many Brazilian universities offer an MBA program. However, those are not the equivalent to a United States MBA degree, as it does not formally certify the student with a Master’s degree (stricto sensu) but with a Specialization Degree (lato sensu) instead. A regular post-graduation course has to comply with a minimum of 360 class-hours, while a M.B.A. degree has to comply with a minimum of 400 class-hours. Master’s degree (stricto sensu) does not require a set minimum of class-hours, but it’s practically impossible to finish it in less than 18 months due to the workload and research required; an average time for the degree is 2.5 years[citation needed]. Specialization (lato sensu) and M.B.A. degrees can be also offered as distance education courses, while the master’s degree (stricto-sensu) requires physical attendance. In Brazil, the degree often serves as additional qualification for those seeking to differentiate themselves in the job market, or for those who want to pursue a Ph.D. It corresponds to the European (Bologna Process) 2nd Cycle or the North American master’s. # ISO certification in India
Israel
Postgraduate studies in Israel require the completion of a bachelor’s degree and is dependent upon this title’s grades; see Education in Israel #Higher education. Degrees awarded are the M.A., M.Sc., M.B.A. and LLM; the Technion awards a non-thesis M.Eng. There also exists “a direct track” doctorate degree, which lasts four to five years. Taking this route, students prepare a preliminary research paper during their first year, after which they must pass an exam before being allowed to proceed, at which point they are awarded a master’s degree. # ISO certification in India
Nepal
In Nepal, after completing a bachelor’s degree, students must spend at least three or four years studying full-time in college and university, with an entrance test for those who wish to pursue master’s, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees. All doctoral and Ph.D. degrees, as well as third cycle degrees, are research and experience oriented, with a focus on results. # ISO certification in India
After completing a successful bachelor’s degree, students pursue master’s degrees in engineering, education, and arts, as well as all law and medicine-related courses.
M.B.B.S. is only a medical degree with six and a half years of study resulting in a medical doctor and must finish its study in four years after master’s degree with minimum education of 15 or 16 years of university bachelor’s degree education. # ISO certification in India
Taiwan
In Taiwan, bachelor’s degree courses are about four years in length, while an entrance examination is required for people who want to study for master’s degrees and doctorates. The courses leading to these higher degrees are normally research-based.
Tuition is less expensive than would be the case in North America, costing as little as US$5000 for an M.B.A.[citation needed] As an incentive designed to increase foreign student numbers, the government and universities of Taiwan have redoubled their efforts to make a range of high-quality scholarships available[citation needed] in the form of university-specific scholarships that include tuition waivers of up to NT$20,000 per month. The government offers the Taiwan Scholarship amounting to NT$20,000–30,000 (US$18,000–24,000) for a two-year program. # ISO certification in India
Historical development
Medieval era to 18th century
The master’s degree dates back to the origin of European universities, with a Papal bull of 1233 decreeing that anyone admitted to the mastership in the University of Toulouse should be allowed to teach freely in any other university. The original meaning of the master’s degree was thus that someone who had been admitted to the rank (degree) of master (i.e. teacher) in one university should be admitted to the same rank in other universities. This gradually became formalised as the licentia docendī (licence to teach). Originally, masters and doctors were not distinguished, but by the 15th century it had become customary in the English universities to refer to the teachers in the lower faculties (arts and grammar) as masters and those in the higher faculties as doctors. Initially, the Bachelor of Arts (BA) was awarded for the study of the trivium and the Master of Arts (MA) for the study of the quadrivium. # ISO certification in India
From the late Middle Ages until the 19th century, the pattern of degrees was therefore to have a bachelor’s and master’s degree in the lower faculties and to have bachelor’s and doctorates in the higher faculties. In the United States, the first master’s degrees (Magister Artium, or Master of Arts) were awarded at Harvard University soon after its foundation.[4] In Scotland, the pre-Reformation universities (St Andrews, Glasgow, and Aberdeen) developed so that the Scottish MA became their first degree, while in Oxford, Cambridge and Trinity College, Dublin, the MA was awarded to BA graduates of a certain standing without further examination from the late 17th century, its main purpose being to confer full membership of the university. At Harvard the 1700 regulations required that candidates for the master’s degree had to pass a public examination, but by 1835 this was awarded Oxbridge-style three years after the BA. # ISO certification in India
