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Renaissance Latin

Main article: Renaissance Latin

Most 15th-century printed books (incunabula) were in Latin, with the vernacular languages playing only a secondary role.

The Renaissance briefly reinforced the position of Latin as a spoken language by its adoption by the Renaissance Humanists. Often led by members of the clergy, they were shocked by the accelerated dismantling of the vestiges of the classical world and the rapid loss of its literature. They strove to preserve what they could and restore Latin to what it had been and introduced the practice of producing revised editions of the literary works that remained by comparing surviving manuscripts. By no later than the 15th century they had replaced Medieval Latin with versions supported by the scholars of the rising universities, who attempted, by scholarship, to discover what the classical language had been. # ISO certification in India

New Latin

Main article: New Latin

During the Early Modern Age, Latin still was the most important language of culture in Europe. Therefore, until the end of the 17th century, the majority of books and almost all diplomatic documents were written in Latin. Afterwards, most diplomatic documents were written in French (a Romance language) and later native or other languages.# ISO certification in India

Contemporary Latin

Main articles: Contemporary Latin and Ecclesiastical Latin

Despite having no native speakers, Latin is still used for a variety of purposes in the contemporary world.

Religious use

The signs at Wallsend Metro station are in English and Latin, as a tribute to Wallsend’s role as one of the outposts of the Roman Empire, as the eastern end of Hadrian’s Wall (hence the name) at Segedunum.

The largest organisation that retains Latin in official and quasi-official contexts is the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church required that Mass be carried out in Latin until the Second Vatican Council of 1962–1965, which permitted the use of the vernacular. Latin remains the language of the Roman Rite. The Tridentine Mass (also known as the Extraordinary Form or Traditional Latin Mass) is celebrated in Latin. Although the Mass of Paul VI (also known as the Ordinary Form or the Novus Ordo) is usually celebrated in the local vernacular language, it can be and often is said in Latin, in part or in whole, especially at multilingual gatherings. It is the official language of the Holy See, the primary language of its public journal, the Acta Apostolicae Sedis, and the working language of the Roman Rota. Vatican City is also home to the world’s only automatic teller machine that gives instructions in Latin. In the pontifical universities postgraduate courses of Canon law are taught in Latin, and papers are written in the same language.# ISO certification in India

In the Anglican Church, after the publication of the Book of Common Prayer of 1559, a Latin edition was published in 1560 for use in universities such as Oxford and the leading “public schools” (English private academies), where the liturgy was still permitted to be conducted in Latin. There have been several Latin translations since, including a Latin edition of the 1979 USA Anglican Book of Common Prayer.

The polyglot European Union has adopted Latin names in the logos of some of its institutions for the sake of linguistic compromise, an “ecumenical nationalism” common to most of the continent and as a sign of the continent’s heritage (such as the EU Council: Consilium).

Use of Latin for mottos

In the Philippines and in the Western world, many organizations, governments and schools use Latin for their mottos due to its association with formality, tradition, and the roots of Western culture.

Canada’s motto A mari usque ad mare (“from sea to sea”) and most provincial mottos are also in Latin. The Canadian Victoria Cross is modelled after the British Victoria Cross which has the inscription “For Valour”. Because Canada is officially bilingual, the Canadian medal has replaced the English inscription with the Latin Pro Valore.

Spain’s motto Plus ultra, meaning “even further”, or figuratively “Further!”, is also Latin in origin. It is taken from the personal motto of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain (as Charles I), and is a reversal of the original phrase Non terrae plus ultra (“No land further beyond”, “No further!”). According to legend, this phrase was inscribed as a warning on the Pillars of Hercules, the rocks on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar and the western end of the known, Mediterranean world. Charles adopted the motto following the discovery of the New World by Columbus, and it also has metaphorical suggestions of taking risks and striving for excellence.# ISO certification in India

In the United States the unofficial national motto until 1956 was E pluribus unum meaning “Out of many, one”. The motto continues to be featured on the Great Seal, it also appears on the flags and seals of both houses of congress and the flags of the states of Michigan, North Dakota, New York, and Wisconsin. The mottos 13 letters symbolically represent the original Thirteen Colonies which revolted from the British Crown. The motto is featured on all presently minted coinage and has been featured in most coinage throughout the nation’s history.# ISO certification in India

Several states of the United States have Latin mottos, such as:

• Arizona’s Ditat deus (“God enriches”);
• Connecticut’s Qui transtulit sustinet (“He who transplanted sustains”);
• Kansas’s Ad astra per aspera (“Through hardships, to the stars”);
• Colorado’s Nil sine numine (“Nothing without providence”);
• Michigan’s Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam, circumspice (“If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look about you”), is based on that of Sir Christopher Wren, in St. Paul’s Cathedral;
• Missouri’s Salus populi suprema lex esto (“The health of the people should be the highest law”);
• New York (state)’s Excelsior (“Ever upward”);
• North Carolina’s Esse Quam Videri (“To be rather than to seem”);
• South Carolina’s Dum spiro spero (“While [still] breathing, I hope”);
• Virginia’s Sic semper tyrannis (“Thus always to tyrants”); and
• West Virginia’s Montani Semper Liberi (“Mountaineers [are] always free”).

Many military organizations today have Latin mottos, such as:

• Semper Paratus (“always ready”), the motto of the United States Coast Guard;
• Semper Fidelis (“always faithful”), the motto of the United States Marine Corps;
• Semper supra (“always above”), the motto of the United States Space Force;
• Per ardua ad astra (“Through adversity/struggle to the stars”), the motto of the Royal Air Force (RAF); and
• Vigilamus pro te (“We stand on guard for thee”), the motto of the Canadian Armed Forces.

A law governing body in the Philippines have a Latin motto, such as:

• Justitiae Pax Opus (“Justice, peace, work”), the motto of the Department of Justice (Philippines);

Some colleges and universities have adopted Latin mottos, for example Harvard University’s motto is Veritas (“truth”). Veritas was the goddess of truth, a daughter of Saturn, and the mother of Virtue.# ISO certification in India