M.Sc.Bio-Technology SEMESTER III-

4011 BIOPROCESS & FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY

Unit I: Basic principles of Bioprocess Technology
Introduction to concepts of bioprocess engineering, Overview of bioprocesses with their various components, Isolation, screening and maintenance of industrially important microbes; Strain improvement for increased yield and other desirable characteristics, Microbial growth and death kinetics with respect to fermenters, optimization of bioprocesses, yield coefficient, doubling time, specific growth rate, metabolic and biomass productivities, effect of temperature, pH and salt concentration on product formation.

Unit II: Concepts of basic mode of fermentation processes
Bioreactor designs; Types of fermenters; Concepts of basic modes of fermentation – Batch, fed batch and continuous; Solid substrate, surface and submerged fermentation; Fermentation media; Design and types of culture/production vessels- Batch, Fed batch, CSTBR, airlift, packed bed and bubble column fermentor; Impeller, Baffles, Sparger.

Unit III: Upstream and downstream processing:
Media formulation; Inocula development and Sterilization; Aeration and agitation in bioprocess; Measurement and control of bioprocess parameters; Scale up and scale down process. Bioseparation techniques; Cell disruption methods; Liquid-liquid extraction; Purification by chromatographic techniques; Reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration, drying, crystallization, storage and packaging; Treatment of effluent and its disposal.

Unit IV: Applications of enzymes in food processing
Mechanism of enzyme function and reactions in process techniques; Enzymic bioconversions e.g. starch and sugar conversion processes and their downstream processing; baking by amylases, deoxygenation and desugaring by glucose oxidase, beer mashing and chill proofing; cheese making by proteases.

Unit V: Applications of Microbes in food process operations and production
Fermented foods and beverages; cheese and bread production, food ingredients and additives prepared by fermentation and their purification; fermentation as a method of preparing and preserving foods; Microbes and their use in pickling, producing colours and flavours, alcoholic beverages and other products; Process wastes-whey, molasses, starch substrates and other food wastes for bioconversion to useful products, probiotics, prebiotics and symbiotics.

TEXT AND REFERENCES:

  1. Casida LE. (1991). Industrial Microbiology. 1st edition. Wiley Eastern Limited.
  2. Crueger W and Crueger A. (2000). Biotechnology: A textbook of Industrial Microbiology. 2nd edition, Panima Publishing Co. New Delhi.
  3. Patel AH. (1996). Industrial Microbiology. 1st edition, Macmillan India Limited.
  4. Jackson AT., Bioprocess Engineering in Biotechnology, Prentice Hall, Engelwood Cliffs, 1991.
  5. Shuler ML and Kargi F., Bioprocess Engineering: Basic concepts, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, Engelwood Cliffs, 2002.
  6. Stanbury RF and Whitaker A., Principles of Fermentation Technology, Pergamon press, Oxford, 1997.
  7. Baily JE and Ollis DF., Biochemical Engineering fundamentals, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1986.
  8. Aiba S, Humphrey AE and Millis NF, Biochemical Engineering, 2nd Edition, University of Tokyo press, Tokyo, 1973.
  9. Comprehensive Biotechnology: The Principles, Applications and Regulations of Biotechnology in Industry, Agriculture and Medicine, Vol 1, 2, 3 and 4 Young M.M., Reed Elsevier India Private Ltd, India, 2004.
  10. Mansi EMTEL, Bryle CFA. Fermentation Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2nd Edition, Taylor & Francis Ltd, UK, 2007.

4012 PLANT AND ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Unit I: Introduction
Importance and history of in vitro culture, nutritional requirements, media components (MS and White’s media; Basal and supplemented animal cell culture media for normal and cancer cells), sterilization techniques, culture lab architecture.

Unit II: Micropropagation and haploid production
Micropropagation, axillary bud, shoot-tip and meristem culture, callus culture. Haploid production and their applications. Somaclonal variations and applications.

Unit III: Protoplast culture and cybrids
Principles of protoplast isolation and applications. Testing of viability of isolated protoplasts. Various steps in the regeneration of protoplasts. Introduction of somatic hybridization, various methods for fusing protoplasts, chemical and electrical, cybrids- definition and application.

Unit IV: Animal Cell culture
Introduction of animal cell culture substrate, culture media, preservation and maintenance of cell lines, Transgenic animals. Test tube baby, In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.

Unit V: Applied plant and animal biotechnology
Growth factors promoting proliferation of animal cells (EGF, FGF, PDGF, IL-1, IL-2, NGF, erythropoietin). Production of monoclonal antibodies. Bioreactors for large scale culture of animal cells.
Transgenic plants for abiotic and biotic stress tolerance (virus, herbicide, salt) delay in fruit ripening, fortified crops, plants as therapeutic factories. Cytoplasmic male sterility, somatic embryos and artificial seeds, elite germplasm screening by molecular biology tools.

TEXT AND REFERENCES:

  1. An Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture, M.K. Razdan, Oxford and IBH Publishing
  2. Experiments in Plant Tissue Culture, J.H. Dodds and L.K. Roberts, Cambridge University Press
  3. Plant Biotechnology and Transgenic Plants, K.M.O. Caldenty, W.H. Barz and H.L. Wills, Marcel Dekker
  4. Plant Biotechnology, J. Hammond, P. McGarvy and V. Yusibov, Springer Verlag.
  5. Plant Cell & Tissue Culture for the production of Food Ingredients, T-J Fu, G. Singh and W.R. Curtis, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press
  6. Plant Tissue Culture: Theory & Practice, S.S. Bhojwani and M.K. Razdan, Elsevier Health Sciences
  7. Animal Cell Culture – A Practical approach, J.R.W. Masters, Oxford.
  8. Animal Cell Culture Techniques, M. Clynes, Springer Verlag.
  9. Cell Culture Lab Fax, M. Butler and M. Dawson, Bios scientific Publications Ltd.
  10. Cell Growth and Division – A Practical approach, R. Basega, IRL Press.

4201 BASIC BIOINFORMATICS AND COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY

Unit I: Introduction and history of bioinformatics
Introduction to genomic research and data generation, Genome projects, requirement of computational biology and bioinformatics, contribution of bioinformatics in biotechnology. Basic programming in bioinformatics.

Unit II: Introductory bioinformatics
Information Resources: NCBI, EBI, ExPasy Entrez & SRS System
Primary Sequence & Structure Databases: Genbank, Swiss Prot/Uniprot, EMBL, PIR, PDB, KEGG etc.;
Derived (Secondry) Databases of Sequences and structure: Prosite, Pfam, SCOP, CATH, DSSP, FSSP, RNAbase, Genome Databases (at NCBI, EBI), High-throughput genomics sequence (EST, STS, GSS), ENSEMBL.

Unit III: Sequence analysis
Sequence File formats: fasta, genbank, embl, Swiss-prot, pdb, nbrf, pir and multiple sequences formats (Aln, Mega, Pileup, phylip etc.)
Sequence Similarty Basics: Similarty, Identity, Homology, Scoring, selectivity/Sensitivity, Gap cost, Linear and Affine Gap Penalty, Basic of scoring system and matrices (PAM, BIOSUM, GONNET ClustalW and ClustalX)

Unit IV: Similarity Searching Tools:
Pairwise Sequences Aligment: Brute Force method, Dot matrix method, Global (Needleman- Wunsch) and Local Alignment (Smith-Waterman) using Dynamic programming. BLAST and FASTA, Theory and Algorithms, variants of BLAST and FASTA, PSI-BLAST, Statistical Significance. Sequence Pattern and Profiles: Concepts of motif, pattern and profile.

Unit V: Computational Methods and applications
Phylogenetics prediction mrthods: Basics, molecular clock, Substitution Models of evolution, Tree reconstruction methods (Distance based, character based method, statistical), Bootstrapping. Software and Programmes for sequence comparison and analysis. Phylogenetic analysis software, molecular structure drawing tool Application of computational biology/Bioinformatics in Agriculture, Human health, Environment, Biotechnology, Molecular Biology, Neurobiology, Drug Designing, Veterinary Science.

TEXT AND REFERENCES:

  1. Bioinformatics: Sequence and genome analysis by David, W Mount, Cold Spring Harbur Press.
  2. Bioinformatics Computing By Bryan Bergeron, Publisher: Prentice Hall PTR.
  3. Bioinformatics a practical guide to analysis of genes and protein, Eds A D Baxevanis and B.F. Francis Ouellette, Wiley Interscience.

4202 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Unit I: Introduction to Environmental Biotechnology
Ecosystems: biotic and abiotic components, Ecological pyramids, Food chains, Food webs, Habitat and niche, Energy flow in ecosystems, Types of ecosystems, Biological Magnification. Pollutants of atmosphere, water and solid wastes, Hazardous wastes. Microbial interactions in ecosystems. Introduction to Novel biocatalysts and biomaterials, Lignocellulosic residues, Biofuel and fossil fuels, Biomining and bioleaching, Bioremediation, Biosensors in bioprocessing, ecosystem analysis andrelated softwares.

Unit II: Air, Water and Soil pollution
Point and non-point source pollution, Air pollution control: particulate emission, control devices,control of Sulphur dioxide pollution and vehicular pollution. Water pollution control: primary, secondary and tertiary treatment. Solid waste and soil pollution management: waste monitoring, treatment and management of non-hazardous solid waste, non-degradable solid waste, colour codes, medical solid waste.

Unit III: Biodegradation, Bioconversion and Bioabsorption
Microorganisms in lignocellulose degradation, Cellulases and xylanases, Biodegradation of starch, glycogen, pullulan, dextrins and proteins. Xenobiotic compounds: chemical properties influencing biodegradability, mechanisms of degradation, microorganisms for degrading organic pollutants (petroleum products, methane/n-alkanes, alkenes, cycloaliphatic compounds). Microorganisms in metal absorption, factors affecting bioabsorption, Phytoremediation.

Unit IV: Biotechnological Applications in Environmental Management
Carbon sequestration, Bioremediation: microorganisms and techniques, Bioenergy, Bioethanol and Biodiesel, Biomethanation (Biogas from anaerobic treatment), Biofertilizers and biopesticides, Composting: process and decomposition stages, vermicomposting, Biopolymers and Bioplastics, Bioleaching, Nanomaterials.

Unit V: Remedial Mechanisms of Industrial Problems
Pulp and paper industry: problems associated and treatment of pollutants, Tannery industry: effluent characteristics and treatment, Ex situ bioremediation, Distillary effluent treatment, Treatment methods for dye industry effluents, Waste reduction and treatment of effluents from pharmaceutical, petroleum and dairy industries.

TEXT AND REFERENCES:

  1. Environmental Science, S.C. Santra.
  2. Environmental Biotechnology, Pradipta Kumar Mohapatra.
  3. Environmental Biotechnology – Concepts and Applications, Hans-Joachim Jordening and Jesef Winter.
  4. Waste Water Engineering, Metcalf and Eddy, Tata McGraw hill.
  5. Agricultural Biotechnology, S.S. Purohit.
  6. Environmental Microbiology : Methods and Protocols, Alicia L. Ragout De Spencer, John F.T. Spencer.
  7. Introduction to Environmental Biotechnology, Milton Wainwright.
  8. Principles of Environmental Engineering, Gilbert Masters.
  9. Wastewater Engineering – Metcalf & Eddy.

4203 PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND DRUG DESIGNING

Unit I: Introduction
Introduction and History, DNA, RNA, post-translational processing, metabolic enzymes involved in nucleic acid synthesis, G-protein coupled receptors (monomeric transmembrane proteins), small molecule receptors, ligand-gated ion channels (oligomeric transmembrane proteins), transporters (multitransmembrane proteins).

Unit II: Drug discovery methods
Meaning of drugs, Drug Discovery Process, biological activity directed and other types of screening, natural products, combinatorial chemistry; General overview of validation techniques, Methods of Drug Discovery and development, QSAR and SAR. Concepts of Bio availability, Process of drug absorption, Pharmacokinetic processes, Timing foroptimal therapy, Drug delivery considerations for the new biotherapeutics.

Unit III: Pharmacology of drugs
Physicochemical Properties in Relation to Biological Action, Effects of route of administration, Drug Targets, Validation techniques of Pharmaceutical targets, Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs, Drug Toxicity. Basic terminologies in drug delivery and drug targeting, Doses forms, Various routes of administration of drugs (just introduction), Strategies for enhanced therapeutic efficacies (Basic principles) DNA vaccines, Vaccines & Monoclonal antibody based pharmaceuticals, Antibiotics, Characterization and Bioanalytical aspects of Recombinant proteins as pharmaceutical drugs.

Unit IV: Formulations
Formulation of Biotechnological Products, Drug Delivery, Examples of some Biotechnological products in clinical development.

Unit V: Regulations
Role of FDA, ICH Guidelines, The Regulation of Pharmaceutical Biotechnological Products andEthical Issues.

TEXT AND REFERENCES:

  1. Drug Delivery and Targeting, A.M. Hillery, A.W. Lloyd and J. Swarbrick, Harwood Academic Publisher
  2. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, H.C. Ansel, L.V. allen and N.G. Popovich, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Publisher
  3. Applications of Targeted Nano Drugs and Delivery Systems, Shyam Mohapatra, Shivendu Ranjan, Nandita Dasgupta, Raghvendra Mishra and Sabu Thomas (EDs.), Elsevier, 2019.
  4. Introduction to Biophysical Methods for Protein and Nucleic Acid Research, J.A. Glasel and M.P. Deutscher, Academic Press.

4013 LAB COURSE III

Unit I:

  1. Isolation of industrially important microorganism from natural source.
  2. Preparation of bacterial growth curve
  3. Effect of temperature on bacterial growth curve
  4. Effect of pH on bacterial growth curve.
  5. Production of ethanol and its optimization

Unit II:

  1. Sterilization techniques
  2. Preparation of plant tissue culture media
  3. Preparation and decontamination of explants
  4. Inoculation of culture and incubation for callusing/ in vitro morphogenesis
  5. Cell suspension culture

Unit III:

  1. Preparation of animal cell culture media and sterilization
  2. Separation and isolation of animal cells and their microscopic examination
  3. DNA isolation from animal tissue
  4. Qualitative and quantitative estimation of isolated DNA

Unit IV:

  1. Retrieving data for any gene
  2. Visualization of protein and nucleic acid structure
  3. ORF finding using bioinformatics tools
  4. Searching similar sequences using BLASTp, BLASTt and BLASTn
  5. Multiple sequence alignment and finding conserved sequences.
  6. Designing primers for PCR

TEXT AND REFERENCES:

  1. Practical Biochemistry: Wilson and Walker
  2. Practical Biochemistry: Rodney Boyer