What is science? The goal of science is to learn how nature works by observing the natural and physical world, and to understand this world through research and experimentation. Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence. Scientific methodology includes the following: Objective observation: Measurement and data (possibly although not necessarily using mathematics as a tool) Evidence.Science uses mathematics and logic, which are sometimes called “formal sciences”. Natural science makes observations and experiments. Science produces accurate facts, scientific laws and theories. ‘Science’ also refers to the large amount of knowledge that has been found using this process.science, any system of knowledge that is concerned with the physical world and its phenomena and that entails unbiased observations and systematic experimentation. In general, a science involves a pursuit of knowledge covering general truths or the operations of fundamental laws.It originally came from the Latin word scientia which meant knowledge, a knowing, expertness, or experience. By the late 14th century, science meant, in English, collective knowledge. But it has consistently carried the meaning of being a socially embedded activity: people seeking, systematising and sharing knowledge. # ISO certification in INdia
A science is a particular branch of science such as physics, chemistry, or biology. Physics is the best example of a science which has developed strong, abstract theories. … the science of microbiology. Synonyms: discipline, body of knowledge, area of study, branch of knowledge More Synonyms of science.Physics is also called “the fundamental science” because all branches of natural science like chemistry, astronomy, geology, and biology are constrained by laws of physics.It might have been the 16th century philosopher Francis Bacon who coined the term “science”, but even if it wasn’t, the word must have come into common usage around his time, in the western world at least.
Whew ell coined the term in 1833, said my friend Debbie Lee. She’s a researcher and professor of English at WSW who wrote a book on the history of science. She told me about one of her favorite examples of the way science was approached a long time ago.tion in India
3000 to 1200 BCE
Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archaeological evidence for scientific reasoning is tens of thousands of years old. The earliest written records in the history of science come from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE.
Science isn’t limited to the study of the natural world, disease, or human lifespans. Without science, we wouldn’t have technologies like computers, the Internet, cars, and so on. These inventions transformed how humans live in the world, including how we travel, how we communicate, and how we learn
Natural Sciences are a group of disciplines that study the physical world and all the phenomena in nature. Natural Sciences have two main branches: Physical Sciences, like Chemistry, Geology, Physics, Mathematics, or Astronomy and Biological Sciences, like Biology, Botany, Zoology, Genetics, or Microbiology. # ISO certification in India
Psychology is commonly thought of as the easiest of the science majors thanks to its relative lack of complex math, although psych majors can still expect to do a fair amount of statistical analysis on their way to a degree.There are three main branches of science: physical science, earth science and life science.Science (L., scientist or score, knowledge) – systematic knowledge based on facts, observations and experimentation.
Middle Ages
The first page of Vienna Discursiveness depicts a peacock, made in the 6th century
Due to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the 5th century saw an intellectual decline in western Europe.During the period, Latin encyclopedias such as Isidore of Seville preserved the majority of general ancient knowledge.In contrast, because the Byzantine Empire resisted attacks from invaders, they were able to preserve and improve prior learning. John Philoponus, a Byzantine scholar in the 500s, started to question Aristotle’s teaching of physics, noting its flaws.His criticism served as an inspiration to medieval scholars and Galileo Galileo, who ten centuries later extensively cited his works. # ISO certification in India
During late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, natural phenomena were mainly examined via the Aristotelian approach. The approach includes Aristotle’s four causes: material, formal, moving, and final cause Many Greek classical texts were preserved by the Byzantine empire and Arabic translations were done by groups such as the Nestorians and the Monophysites. Under the Caliphate, these Arabic translations were later improved and developed by Arabic scientists. By the 6th and 7th centuries, the neighboring Sassanid Empire established the medical Academy of Gondeshapur, which is considered by Greek, Syriac, and Persian physicians as the most important medical center of the ancient world.# ISO certificationim India
The House of Wisdom was established in Abbasid-era Baghdad, Iraq, where the Islamic study of Aristotelianism flourished[ until the Mongol invasions in the 13th century. Ibn al-Haytham, better known as Alhazen, began experimenting as a means to gain knowledge and disproved Ptolemy’s theory of vision Avicenna’s compilation of the Canon of Medicine, a medical encyclopedia, is considered to be one of the most important publications in medicine and used until the 18th century.
By the eleventh century, most of Europe had become Christian,and in 1088, the University of Bologna emerged as the first university in Europe.As such, demand for Latin translation of ancient and scientific texts grew, a major contributor to the Renaissance of the 12th century. Renaissance scholasticism in western Europe flourished, with experiments done by observing, describing, and classifying subjects in nature. In the 13rd century, medical teachers and students at Bologna began opening human bodies, leading to the first anatomy textbook based on human dissection by Mondino de Luzzi.
Renaissance
Drawing of the heliocentric model as proposed by the Copernicus’s De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
New developments in optics played a role in the inception of the Renaissance, both by challenging long-held metaphysical ideas on perception, as well as by contributing to the improvement and development of technology such as the camera obscure and the telescope. At the start of the Renaissance, Roger Bacon, Vitello, and John Peckham each built up a scholastic ontology upon a causal chain beginning with sensation, perception, and finally apperception of the individual and universal forms of Aristotle.Book I A model of vision later known as perspective was exploited and studied by the artists of the Renaissance. This theory uses only three of Aristotle’s four causes: formal, material, and final.
In the sixteenth century, Nicolas Copernicus formulated a heliocentric model of the Solar System, stating that the planets revolve around the Sun, instead of the geocentric model where the planets and the Sun revolve around the Earth. This was based on a theorem that the orbital periods of the planets are longer as their orbs are farther from the center of motion, which he found not to agree with Ptolemy’s model.
Johannes Kepler and others challenged the notion that the only function of the eye is perception, and shifted the main focus in optics from the eye to the propagation of light.Kepler is best known, however, for improving Copernicus’ heliocentric model through the discovery of Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. Kepler did not reject Aristotelian metaphysics and described his work as a search for the Harmony of the Spheres.Galileo had made significant contributions to astronomy, physics and engineering. However, he became persecuted after Pope Urban VIII sentenced him for writing about the heliocentric model.
The printing press was widely used to publish scholarly arguments, including some that disagreed widely with contemporary ideas of nature. Francis Bacon and René Descartes published philosophical arguments in favor of a new type of non-Aristotelian science. Bacon emphasized the importance of experiment over contemplation, questioned the Aristotelian concepts of formal and final cause, promoted the idea that science should study the laws of nature and the improvement of all human life. Descartes emphasized individual thought and argued that mathematics rather than geometry should be used to study nature.
