PAPER III: KUF 113- FOREST ECOLOGY-

Introduction, division, scope and importance of ecology and basic concept of forest ecology, Ecosystem, structure, components and important ecosystems (forest, agriculture, grassland, desert and pond ecosystem), Ecological energetic- concept of energy flow, tropic structure, food chain, food web and ecological pyramids, Forest communities: Vegetation analysis, biomass, net primary productivity, litter fall, forest floor and nutrient cycling, Climatic factors: Solar radiation, temperature, precipitation, rainfall, snow, frost and its damages, moisture, atmospheric humidity and wind, Topographic factors, biotic factors: influence of plant, competition, parasite, epiphytes, climbers, weeds, influence of wild animals, influence of man and his domestic animals, Succession, causes, mechanism of succession, various types of succession and climatic climax, ecological adaptation and evolution.