21CHY116 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY, STATES OF MATTER AND CHEMISTRY OF S AND P BLOCK ELEMENTS CHEMISTRY PAPER – II-

Unit I-

Nuclear Chemistry: Nuclear particles, nuclear forces, nuclear size, nuclear density, stability of nucleus, binding energy, packing fraction, n/p ratio, Nuclear models – liquid drop model and shell model, Natural radioactivity, modes of decay, decay constant, half-life period, average life, radioactive equilibrium, Geiger-Nuttall rule, units of radioactivity, radiation dosage, Induced radioactivity, nuclear reactions induced by charged projectiles, neutrons and γ rays, fission reactions, fusion reactions, spallation reactions, preparation of transuranic elements, Q values of nuclear reactions, Fertile and fissile isotopes, chain reaction, stellar energy, Application of Radioactivity and Radio isotopes as tracers in analysis, Reaction mechanism through tracer chemistry in medicines, in biological field, in agriculture and industry.

Unit II-

Gases: Kinetic molecular model of gases: pressure of an ideal gas, derivation of gas laws, Maxwell’s distribution of velocities – molecular velocities (average, root mean square and most probable velocities) Collision diameter, mean free path, viscosity of gases – temperature and pressure dependence, Relation between mean free path and coefficient of viscosity, Barometric distribution law, Law of equipartition of energy, degrees of
freedom and molecular basis of heat capacities, Real gases: compressibility factor z, van der Waals equation of state – derivation and application in explaining real gas behavior, Virial equation of state, van der Waals equation expressed in virial form – calculation of Boyle temperature, Isotherms of real gases, continuity of states, Critical phenomena, Liquefaction of gases (based on Joule Thomson effect).

Unit III-

Liquids: Intermolecular forces in liquids (qualitative idea only)- viscosity, the viscometer method Surface tension – structure of liquids, Unusual behavior of water, Non-aqueous Solvents Physical properties of a solvent, types of solvents and their general characteristics, reactions in non-aqueous solvents with reference to liquid NH3 and liquid SO2, Classification of acids and bases as Hard and Soft, Pearson’s HSAB concept, acid-base strength, hardness and softness, symbiosis.

Unit IV-

Solids: Elements of symmetry – plane, axis and centre, elements of symmetry in cubic crystals, law of rational indices – Weiss and Miller indices, lattice planes in cubic crystals, Crystal lattice and unit cell, types of Lattice – Bravais lattices, X-Ray diffraction and Bragg’s Law (to be derived), determination of crystal structure of rock salt by rotating crystal method using Bragg’s spectrometer, application of X-ray studies – distance between lattice planes, density of crystals, determination of Avogadro Number (numerical problems on applications), Study of Characteristics of Solid surface, surface phenomenon to explain various applications in daily life situations, Catalysis, characteristics of catalysed reactions, classification of catalysis, miscellaneous examples, Statement and explanation of BET and Gibbs Isotherms, Determination of surface area of adsorbent using Langmuir equation, Adsorption theory of Catalysts using Langmuir’s Equation.

Unit V-

Chemistry of s and p block elements: General characteristics of elements- Electronic configuration, oxidation state, inert pair effect, melting points and boiling points, densities, metallic character, nature of bonds formed, hydration of ions and ionic conductance in solution (only alkali metals), flame colouration, Reactivity, electrode potentials and reducing properties, reaction with water, Compounds – Oxides and peroxides-formation and reaction with water, basic character of oxides and hydroxides, Carbonates-thermal stability, Reasons for anomalous behaviour of Li and Be, diagonal
relationship of Li and Mg, Hydrides- classification of boron hydrides, diborane preparation from BCl3, properties (reactions with ammonia and Lewis acid properties) and structure (based on VBT), Halides- comparison of Lewis acid character of boron trihalides, Catenation, allotropic forms of carbon- diamond, graphite and fullerenes (C60) and their structures, carbon nanotubes (brief mention without structural details), Silicates-Classification, structures of ortho and pyrosilicates.