21PHY116 HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS PHYSICS PAPER – II-

Unit I-

Kinetic Theory of Gases: Introduction, Kinetic Theory of Gases, kinetic theory as particle model and usefulness of the model in explaining the regular structure of crystals (Review), an ideal gas – a macroscopic description, an ideal gas – a microscopic description, kinetic calculation of pressure, kinetic interpretation of temperature, ideal gas scale, intermolecular forces, specific heat of an ideal gas, law of equipartition of
energy, Mean free path, van der Waal’s equations of State, critical constants, application to liquefaction of gases.

Unit II-

Heat and First Law of Thermodynamics: Thermal equilibrium, Zeroth law of thermodynamics, ideal gas temperature scale, heat as a form of energy, quantity of heat and specific heat, molar heat capacities of solids, the mechanical equivalent of heat, heat and work; First law of thermodynamics, Discussion on usefulness of First Law of Thermodynamics in Meteorology, some special cases of the first law of thermodynamics
– (i) adiabatic process, (ii) isothermal process, (iii) isochoric process, (iv) cyclic process, (v) free expansion.

Unit III-

Entropy and Second Law of Thermodynamics: Introduction, reversible and irreversible processes, the Carnot cycle, Carnot engine, Carnot theorem, absolute scale of temperature, second law of thermodynamics, efficiency of engines, the thermodynamic temperature scale, entropy in reversible and irreversible processes, entropy and the II law, entropy and disorder, consequences of II and III law of thermodynamics, Second law of thermodynamics as a probabilistic statement, Low temperature Physics – Porous Plug experiment, temperature of inversion, principle of regenerative cooling, liquefaction of air by Linde’s method.

Unit IV-

Thermodynamic potentials: Internal Energy, Enthalpy, Helmholtz function, Gibbs function, relations among these functions, Gibbs-Helmholtz equations

Maxwell’s Thermodynamic Relations: Derivation of Maxwell’s thermodynamic relations, TdS equations, Internal energy equations, Heat capacity equations, Change of temperature during adiabatic process using Maxwell’s relations

Unit V-

The Statistical Physics: statistical basics of thermodynamics, probability distribution, micro and macro states, constraints, Distribution of particles and energy states, Statistical interpretation of second law of thermodynamics, Boltzmann’s canonical distribution law and its application.

TEXTBOOKS:

  1. Halliday and Resnick: Fundamentals of Physics, 9th edition, Wiley India, 2011.
  2. Brijlal,N. Subramanyam P.S. Hemne: Heat Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics, 1stEdition. S Chand Publishing, 2007.
  3. S C Gupta: Thermodynamics, 1st edition, Pearson, 2005.

REFERENCES:

  1. R. H. Dittaman and M. W. Zemansky: Heat and Thermodynamics, 7th edition, The McGraw – Hill companies, 2007.
  2. S. J. Blundell and K. M. Blundell: Concepts in Thermal Physics, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2006.