The Factories Act, 1948 - Vrindawan University

The Factories Act, 1948- The Factories Act, 1948 is a key piece of legislation in India that governs the safety, health, and welfare of workers employed in factories. It was enacted to ensure that factory workers are protected from unsafe working conditions, to regulate working hours, and to establish standards for health and safety at workplaces. Here are some key provisions of the Act:

1. Definition of a Factory

A factory is defined as any premises where manufacturing processes are carried out with the help of power and employing 10 or more workers, or where no power is used, employing 20 or more workers.

2. Health, Safety, and Welfare

Cleanliness: Adequate ventilation and lighting should be provided, and the factory premises must be kept clean and free from waste.
Safety Measures: Machinery should be properly maintained, and workers must be trained on how to operate machinery safely to prevent accidents.
Drinking Water: Access to clean drinking water must be available to workers.
First Aid: The factory must maintain a first aid box, and trained personnel must be available in case of accidents.

3. Working Hours and Rest Periods

The Act regulates the maximum working hours (8 hours a day and 48 hours a week) for workers.
There must be rest intervals between work periods and weekly holidays.

4. Employment of Young Workers

Children under the age of 14 are prohibited from working in factories.
Adolescents (14-18 years) can only work under conditions that do not jeopardize their health and safety.

5. Industrial Disputes

Provisions are made for the resolution of disputes between workers and management, as well as for the establishment of labor welfare funds.

6. Inspection and Penalties

Factory inspectors are appointed to ensure compliance with the Act.
Penalties are imposed on employers who violate the provisions of the Act.

7. Provisions for Leave

Workers are entitled to annual leave with wages, compensatory holidays, and sick leave.

8. Factory License

Every factory must obtain a license to operate, and it should comply with the health, safety, and welfare standards outlined in the Act.

This Act provides a legal framework to safeguard workers’ rights, promoting a safer and healthier work environment in industrial establishments.

What is Required The Factories Act, 1948

To comply with the Factories Act, 1948, certain requirements must be met by both employers and the factory management. Here are the key requirements of the Act:

1. Factory Registration and Licensing

Factory License: Every factory must obtain a license from the Chief Inspector of Factories in the state where it is located. This license needs to be renewed periodically.
Application for Registration: The factory must be registered with the relevant authorities, and the details of the factory’s operations must be submitted.

2. Health and Safety Provisions

Sanitary and Hygienic Conditions: Factories must maintain cleanliness and provide adequate ventilation, lighting, and sanitary facilities (such as toilets and washbasins).
Safety Equipment: Appropriate safety measures must be taken to prevent accidents. This includes providing safety guards for machines, fire extinguishers, and emergency exits.
Welfare Amenities: Basic welfare amenities such as clean drinking water, restrooms, first aid facilities, and canteens (if applicable) must be available for workers.

3. Working Hours and Breaks

Working Hours: Workers must not work more than 8 hours a day and 48 hours a week. Overtime work is allowed, but the maximum limit is restricted, and overtime must be compensated at a higher rate.
Rest Periods: Adequate rest intervals must be provided for workers. Workers should not work continuously for more than 5 hours without a break of at least 30 minutes.

4. Employment of Young Workers

Prohibition of Child Labor: Children under the age of 14 are not allowed to work in factories.
Adolescent Workers: Workers aged 14-18 may be employed only if the work does not endanger their health or well-being. Special regulations apply to them regarding working hours and type of work.

5. Health and Medical Provisions

First Aid: Every factory must maintain a first aid box, and at least one trained first-aid attendant must be available at the workplace.
Medical Examination: Workers, especially those working in hazardous conditions, should undergo periodic medical examinations to ensure their health and safety.

6. Leave Entitlement

Annual Leave with Wages: Workers who have worked for a minimum of 240 days in a year are entitled to annual leave with wages (typically 1 day of leave for every 20 days worked).
Sick Leave: Provisions for sick leave should be in place, and workers are entitled to paid leave during illness.

7. Factory Machinery and Equipment

Maintenance of Machines: Factories must ensure that machinery is properly maintained and safety guards are in place to prevent accidents.
Dangerous Machines: The use of dangerous machinery should be regulated, and workers must be trained on the proper handling of equipment to prevent accidents.

8. Inspection and Compliance

Factory Inspectors: Factory inspectors are appointed by the government to monitor and enforce compliance with the provisions of the Act.
Periodic Inspection: Regular inspections by authorized officials are required to ensure that safety, health, and welfare standards are being maintained.

9. Penalty for Non-Compliance

Employers who fail to comply with the provisions of the Act can be fined or face imprisonment depending on the severity of the violation. Serious violations, such as unsafe working conditions leading to accidents, can lead to criminal charges.

10. Welfare Officers

In factories employing 500 or more workers, the employer must appoint a welfare officer to oversee the welfare and safety of the workers.

In summary, compliance with the Factories Act, 1948 requires employers to provide a safe working environment, ensure workers’ health, provide adequate working hours and conditions, maintain proper welfare facilities, and comply with legal standards for worker safety and labor rights.

Who is Required The Factories Act, 1948

The Factories Act, 1948 applies to employers, factory owners, and employees working in factories, as well as various stakeholders involved in the regulation and enforcement of factory operations. Here’s a breakdown of who is required to comply with the provisions of the Act:

1. Factory Owners/Employers

Obligations: Factory owners or employers are primarily responsible for ensuring compliance with the provisions of the Act. This includes registering the factory, maintaining safety and health standards, providing welfare amenities, adhering to work hour regulations, and ensuring proper working conditions.
Licensing and Registration: Factory owners are required to obtain a factory license from the relevant state authorities, register the factory, and renew the license as per the rules.
Health and Safety: They must ensure the factory is maintained in a safe and sanitary condition, install safety equipment, and provide medical facilities or first aid.
Payment of Wages: Factory owners are required to pay workers their wages on time and ensure their entitlement to leave, overtime compensation, and other statutory benefits.

2. Workers/Employees

Rights and Entitlements: Workers employed in factories are entitled to the protections and benefits specified under the Act, such as working hours, rest periods, leave, and medical facilities.
Compliance with Safety Rules: Workers must follow the safety instructions provided by the employer and use safety equipment where required.
Health and Welfare: Workers have the right to safe working conditions, access to clean drinking water, sanitation facilities, and first aid, as well as the right to be protected from exposure to hazardous working conditions.

3. Factory Inspectors

Role: Factory inspectors, appointed by the government, are responsible for ensuring that factories comply with the provisions of the Act. They conduct regular inspections to verify that safety, health, and welfare standards are being met.
Inspection Powers: Inspectors have the authority to enter factories, examine records, and ensure compliance with the law. They can also issue notices and impose penalties for non-compliance.

4. Welfare Officers (in Large Factories)

Obligation: In factories with 500 or more workers, employers are required to appoint a welfare officer responsible for overseeing the health, safety, and welfare of the workers. This includes ensuring that workers have access to amenities such as clean drinking water, restrooms, and a safe working environment.

5. State Governments and Regulatory Authorities

Implementation: The state governments are responsible for enforcing the Act at the regional level. They appoint inspectors, grant licenses, and monitor compliance.
Regulations and Amendments: State authorities can also make regulations for the implementation of the Act based on local needs and conditions.

6. Legal and Compliance Advisors

Advisory Role: Legal advisors, consultants, and compliance officers in factories play an important role in ensuring that the factory operates within the legal framework of the Factories Act. They help employers understand their obligations and prevent violations of the law.

In Summary:

Factory owners/employers are required to comply with the provisions of the Act and ensure safe, healthy, and legal working conditions.
Employees/workers are entitled to the protections offered under the Act, including safe working conditions, fair wages, and benefits.
Government authorities and inspectors enforce the provisions, while welfare officers are required in larger factories for worker well-being.

By regulating the rights and responsibilities of these stakeholders, the Factories Act, 1948 aims to create a safe, healthy, and productive work environment in industrial establishments.

When is Required The Factories Act, 1948

The Factories Act, 1948 is required to be followed whenever a factory is established or operated in India, and it applies continuously to all factories meeting its criteria. Here’s when and under what circumstances the provisions of the Act become applicable:

1. Establishment of a Factory

When a Factory is Established: The Act applies as soon as a factory is set up that meets the criteria of a “factory” under the Act. This includes factories that engage in any manufacturing process, with the use of power and employing 10 or more workers, or those without power but employing 20 or more workers.
Registration and Licensing: Upon establishment, the factory owner must apply for a factory license and get it registered with the relevant state authorities before starting operations. This must be done prior to the commencement of factory work.

2. Commencement of Work in the Factory

Start of Operations: The provisions of the Act take effect as soon as work commences in the factory. From the moment production or manufacturing starts, the factory must comply with all the requirements regarding safety, health, working hours, welfare, and other provisions of the Act.

3. Periodical Compliance

Continuous Compliance: The provisions of the Act are required to be followed continuously as long as the factory is in operation. This includes ongoing maintenance of safety standards, provision of welfare amenities, and adherence to work hour regulations.
Inspection and Enforcement: Regular inspections by factory inspectors are required to ensure compliance with the Act. If violations are found, the factory owner is expected to take corrective action.

4. During Changes in Factory Operations

If there are Changes or Expansions: If a factory undergoes significant changes (such as an increase in the number of workers, addition of new machinery, or expansion in its operations), the provisions of the Act remain applicable and may require adjustments to ensure continued compliance.
Renovations or New Machinery: Even if a factory undergoes changes, such as installing new machinery or expanding its operations, it must still comply with safety standards, worker welfare, and other relevant provisions of the Act.

5. When Violations Occur

In Case of Non-Compliance: If an employer fails to adhere to the provisions of the Act, such as unsafe working conditions or violation of work hour limits, the requirements of the Act become particularly significant during inspections and enforcement actions. Penalties may be imposed for non-compliance, and the factory must rectify violations to continue operating legally.

6. Ongoing Compliance with Amendments

When Amendments Are Introduced: If the Act is amended (as it has been from time to time), the revised provisions become immediately applicable. Factory owners must comply with new regulations as soon as they come into effect, ensuring that all updated standards are met.

In Summary:

The Factories Act, 1948 is required:

From the point of establishment of the factory.
Upon commencement of operations in the factory.
Continuously during the operation of the factory.
When there are changes or expansion in factory operations.
When violations or non-compliance occur and corrective actions are required.
Whenever amendments to the Act are introduced.

Thus, the requirements of the Act are ongoing and must be maintained for as long as the factory is operational.

Where is Required The Factories Act, 1948

The Factories Act, 1948 is required in all factories in India, and it applies to specific types of industrial establishments across the country. Here’s a breakdown of where the Act applies:

1. Geographical Scope

India: The Act applies to factories located anywhere in India, irrespective of the state or region. It is a central legislation, meaning its provisions are enforced uniformly across the country. However, state governments may make rules for the implementation of the Act within their respective jurisdictions, as long as they do not conflict with the central law.

2. Factories Covered Under the Act

The Act applies to factories that meet certain criteria:

Manufacturing Process: The Act applies to establishments where a manufacturing process is carried out. A manufacturing process is defined as any process that results in the production, processing, or repair of goods.
Use of Power: The Act applies to factories using power and employing 10 or more workers.
No Power Use: If a factory does not use power, the Act still applies if it employs 20 or more workers.

The factory must meet one of these two conditions for the provisions of the Act to be applicable.

3. Types of Factories Covered

Industrial Factories: These include manufacturing industries such as textiles, chemicals, food processing, automobile production, metal industries, etc.
Construction and Engineering Works: Factories involved in construction work or engineering that meet the worker threshold are also covered.
Workshops: Small-scale workshops, such as repair or maintenance workshops, also fall under the purview of the Act if the worker count exceeds the minimum threshold.

4. Exclusions

The Act does not apply to all types of industrial establishments. The following are some exclusions:

Shops and Establishments: Places where the primary business is not manufacturing, such as retail shops or offices, are not covered under this Act. However, such establishments may be governed by the Shops and Establishments Act or other relevant labor laws.
Small Factories: Factories that do not meet the minimum worker threshold (10 workers with power or 20 workers without power) are excluded from the Act. These small-scale units may be governed by different regulations or labor laws.
Agricultural Establishments: Factories engaged in purely agricultural processes, such as farming or animal husbandry, are not covered under the Factories Act.

5. State-Level Application

State Regulations: While the Act applies uniformly across the country, individual states have the authority to adapt specific provisions of the Act to suit their local industrial conditions and needs. For example, states can set different limits for working hours, safety measures, and penalties based on the type of industries in their region.
Factories in Special Zones: Certain industrial zones or regions may have specific rules for factories operating in those areas, but the core provisions of the Factories Act remain applicable.

6. When the Act is Required

The provisions of the Factories Act, 1948 are required wherever a factory operates:

During Operations: Factories must comply with the Act once they are operational, and continue compliance as long as they are running.
When Establishing New Factories: When new factories are set up, the Act must be followed from the outset, including registration, safety standards, and health provisions.
During Expansion or Changes: If a factory grows or alters its operations (e.g., increasing the number of workers or adding machinery), the provisions of the Act must still be adhered to.

In Summary:

The Factories Act, 1948 is required:

Across all of India, as it is a national law.
In factories where manufacturing processes take place, using power or employing 10 or more workers (or 20 or more workers without power).
In industrial establishments, workshops, and certain engineering and construction industries.
Factories in special zones may have state-specific rules, but they must adhere to the central Act’s provisions.

In essence, any industrial establishment or factory that fits the criteria outlined in the Act must comply with its provisions.

How is Required The Factories Act, 1948

The Factories Act, 1948 is required to be followed by factory owners, managers, and employers in order to ensure a safe, healthy, and regulated work environment for employees. The way in which the Act is required to be implemented can be broken down into the following steps:

1. Factory Registration and Licensing

Application for License: The first requirement for compliance with the Act is for the factory owner or employer to apply for a factory license from the relevant state authorities. The factory must be registered under the Act before commencing operations.
Obtain License: Once the application is reviewed and approved, the factory is granted a license to operate legally. The license must be renewed periodically as per state regulations.
Maintain Records: The employer is required to maintain and submit records, such as workers’ attendance, wages, and safety standards, as per the Act.

2. Health, Safety, and Welfare Standards

Workplace Safety: Factory owners must ensure that the factory is safe for workers. This includes maintaining equipment, machinery, and workspaces in good condition to prevent accidents. Safety guards, fire extinguishers, and emergency exits must be installed and properly maintained.
Sanitation: Factories must provide adequate ventilation, lighting, clean drinking water, and sanitary facilities like toilets and washrooms. Hygiene standards must be followed.
First Aid: A factory must maintain a first aid kit and ensure that first-aid-trained personnel are available on-site to respond to any medical emergencies.

3. Working Hours and Rest Periods

Regulation of Working Hours: The Act requires employers to ensure that workers do not exceed the maximum working hours. The general limit is 8 hours a day and 48 hours a week, with rest intervals provided.
Overtime: If workers are required to work overtime, they must be compensated at a higher rate, as specified by the Act.
Weekly Off: Workers are entitled to at least one full day off per week (usually Sunday) unless special circumstances arise.

4. Employment of Children and Adolescents

Child Labor Prohibition: The Act prohibits the employment of children under the age of 14 in factories. This is a key provision to protect young people from exploitation and unsafe working conditions.
Adolescents (14-18 Years): The employment of adolescents is allowed, but the type of work and working hours must not harm their health or well-being.

5. Leave and Rest Periods

Annual Leave with Wages: Workers are entitled to paid annual leave after working for 240 days in a year. This typically includes 1 day of leave for every 20 days worked.
Sick Leave: Workers are entitled to paid sick leave, as per the provisions of the Act, and the employer must provide medical facilities or assistance in case of illness.

6. Welfare Measures

Welfare Officer: In factories employing 500 or more workers, the employer is required to appoint a welfare officer. The welfare officer is responsible for ensuring that workers’ well-being, including mental and physical health, is prioritized.
Canteen, Creche, and Restrooms: The employer must provide basic amenities like a canteen (in large factories), a creche for workers’ children (if applicable), and restrooms to promote workers’ welfare.

7. Periodic Inspections

Factory Inspectors: The Act requires the appointment of factory inspectors who are responsible for regularly inspecting factories to ensure compliance with the health, safety, and welfare provisions.
Corrective Measures: If any violations are found, the factory owner is required to take immediate corrective action to bring the factory up to the required standards. Penalties may be imposed for non-compliance.

8. Compliance with Hazardous Work Regulations

Dangerous Machines and Operations: Special care is required for factories where dangerous machinery or hazardous processes are involved. The Act mandates that these machines be fitted with safety devices and that workers receive adequate training to handle such equipment safely.
Industrial Hygiene: The employer must implement measures to protect workers from exposure to harmful substances, such as chemicals or fumes, that could affect their health.

9. Penalties for Non-Compliance

Legal Consequences: If a factory owner or employer fails to comply with the provisions of the Act, they may face penalties, including fines or imprisonment, depending on the severity of the violation.
Notice and Rectification: When violations are detected, factory inspectors issue notices requiring the employer to take corrective action. Failure to comply within the given time frame can lead to legal actions.

10. Amendments and Updates

Implementation of Amendments: The Act is subject to amendments, and the employer is required to stay updated on any changes to the law. Compliance with new provisions is necessary when amendments to the Act come into effect.

In Summary:

The Factories Act, 1948 is required to be implemented in the following ways:

Registering and licensing the factory before it begins operations.
Ensuring health, safety, and welfare of workers through compliance with specific regulations.
Adhering to work hours, leave entitlements, and rest periods.
Prohibiting child labor and regulating the employment of adolescents.
Providing necessary amenities such as first aid, sanitation, and welfare facilities.
Regularly inspecting factories for compliance and taking corrective actions when needed.
Taking legal responsibility for non-compliance, with potential penalties for violations.

In essence, factory owners are required to maintain a continuous commitment to workers’ safety, welfare, and legal rights in line with the provisions of the Factories Act, 1948.

Case Study on The Factories Act, 1948

Background: A large manufacturing company, XYZ Industries Ltd., operates a factory in Mumbai, India. The factory produces automobile parts and employs over 500 workers, including machine operators, assembly line workers, and warehouse staff. The company had been running successfully for several years but faced a few issues related to worker safety, long working hours, and employee welfare.

In recent times, the company has been facing complaints from workers about unsafe working conditions, excessive overtime, and lack of proper sanitary facilities. In addition, the factory had not complied with certain provisions of the Factories Act, 1948, leading to concerns from both the workers and government regulatory bodies.

Key Issues Identified:

Non-compliance with Safety Provisions:
- Several machines in the factory did not have proper safety guards.
- Emergency exits were blocked due to storage of materials in certain parts of the factory.
- Workers had not been provided with adequate safety training to handle dangerous machinery.
Long Working Hours and Overtime:
- Workers were regularly working more than 10 hours a day, with no proper rest intervals or days off.
- Excessive overtime was not compensated at the required overtime rates.
Lack of Welfare Amenities:
- The factory had inadequate sanitation facilities, with only a few toilets for hundreds of workers.
- The workers’ canteen was unhygienic and lacked basic food safety standards.
- There was no creche for workers with young children, despite the factory employing a large number of female workers.
Health and Medical Provisions:
- The factory had not conducted regular health checks for workers, especially those working with hazardous materials or machinery.
- There were no first-aid facilities or trained first-aid attendants on site.
Violation of Child Labor Provisions:
- During a routine inspection, a government factory inspector found a 13-year-old child working in the assembly line, violating the child labor prohibition under the Factories Act, 1948.

Actions Taken:

Inspection and Audit:
- A government-appointed factory inspector conducted a thorough inspection of XYZ Industries Ltd., identifying several violations under the Factories Act, 1948.
- The inspector noted that the company had failed to comply with the safety, health, and welfare standards mandated by the Act.
Corrective Measures and Compliance: After the inspection, the management of XYZ Industries Ltd. immediately took the following corrective actions:
- Safety Improvements:
  - All machines were fitted with proper safety guards and devices.
  - The company conducted mandatory safety training for all workers, particularly those handling heavy machinery or working in potentially dangerous environments.
  - Emergency exits were cleared and marked, with clear evacuation plans shared with all workers.
- Work Hours and Overtime Regulation:
  - The company reduced the working hours to 8 hours a day and implemented a system to ensure that overtime was compensated at the appropriate rate (double the regular wage for overtime work).
  - Proper rest intervals were enforced, and the company ensured that workers were given at least one full day off per week.
- Welfare Amenities:
  - The company renovated its restrooms and ensured adequate sanitation facilities were available for both male and female workers.
  - The canteen was upgraded to meet hygiene and food safety standards. A health inspection was conducted to ensure that food was safe for consumption.
  - The company set up a creche facility for female workers with young children.
- Health and Medical Facilities:
  - A qualified first-aid attendant was appointed, and a first-aid kit was made available on each floor of the factory.
  - Regular medical check-ups were introduced, especially for workers exposed to hazardous chemicals and heavy machinery.
  - The company collaborated with a local health clinic to conduct periodic health screenings for workers.
Child Labor Issue:
- Upon identifying the violation of child labor, the company took immediate action by dismissing the child worker and ensuring no minors would be employed in the future.
- The company also implemented a strict internal policy to verify the age of all new employees, preventing any future violations of the child labor provisions under the Act.

Outcome:

Improved Worker Satisfaction:
- Following the corrective actions, employee satisfaction significantly increased. Workers felt safer due to the safety measures put in place, and they appreciated the company’s commitment to reducing working hours and improving welfare amenities.
- Complaints from workers decreased, as they had better access to basic facilities, including cleaner restrooms, a more hygienic canteen, and the newly established creche for working mothers.
Better Compliance with Legal Requirements:
- By rectifying the violations and improving working conditions, XYZ Industries Ltd. complied fully with the Factories Act, 1948.
- The company was able to avoid legal consequences, such as fines or closure, which could have resulted from continued non-compliance with the Act.
Government Approval:
- After the corrective measures were implemented, the factory was re-inspected by the factory inspector. The inspector found that all the issues had been addressed, and the factory was given a clean bill of health in terms of compliance with the Act.
- The factory’s efforts were also recognized by the government, and the company received praise for taking swift corrective action.
Improved Productivity:
- With better health and safety conditions, workers were more motivated, leading to increased productivity and fewer workplace accidents.
- The company’s reputation for being a responsible employer improved, helping it attract more skilled labor and clients.

Lessons Learned:

Proactive Compliance is Key:
- Compliance with the Factories Act, 1948 is not just about avoiding penalties; it’s about creating a safe and healthy work environment. Proactively addressing potential safety and welfare issues can lead to long-term benefits for both workers and the employer.
Worker Welfare Should Be Prioritized:
- Providing adequate welfare amenities, such as a clean canteen, sanitation facilities, and a creche, not only helps comply with the law but also boosts worker morale and productivity.
Training and Education Are Crucial:
- Ensuring that workers are properly trained in safety procedures and that safety standards are consistently followed is essential to preventing accidents and maintaining a safe working environment.
Continuous Monitoring and Auditing:
- Regular internal audits and inspections can help identify potential issues before they become serious problems. Compliance should be an ongoing process, not just a one-time event after an inspection.

Conclusion:

This case study of XYZ Industries Ltd. highlights the importance of complying with the Factories Act, 1948 to ensure a safe and productive work environment. The corrective actions taken by the company resulted in a safer workplace, happier employees, and a more successful business, all while adhering to legal requirements.

White paper on The Factories Act, 1948

Introduction

The Factories Act, 1948 is a significant piece of legislation enacted in India to regulate labor practices, working conditions, and safety standards in industrial establishments. The Act was introduced with the primary aim of ensuring the well-being of workers employed in factories and to regulate working conditions to minimize exploitation and improve safety. It focuses on providing a safe, healthy, and conducive work environment, promoting workers’ welfare, and ensuring fair working conditions. This white paper provides a comprehensive overview of the Factories Act, 1948, including its objectives, key provisions, impact, and challenges in its implementation.

1. Historical Context and Need for the Act

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, industrialization in India led to the growth of factories and labor-intensive industries. While this contributed to economic growth, it also resulted in poor working conditions, exploitation of workers, and numerous safety hazards. The Indian labor force faced long working hours, inadequate safety measures, child labor, and unhealthy working environments. In response to these issues, the Indian government recognized the need for a legal framework to address labor rights, industrial safety, and welfare.

The Factories Act, 1948, was passed to regulate these conditions, focusing on industrial safety, health, and the overall well-being of workers. The Act marked a significant shift toward worker protection and industrial welfare in India.

2. Objectives of the Factories Act, 1948

The key objectives of the Factories Act, 1948 include:

Worker Safety: To ensure that workers are not exposed to dangerous working conditions and that appropriate safety standards are maintained within factories.
Health and Hygiene: To provide clean and hygienic working environments, ensuring adequate sanitation, ventilation, and medical facilities for workers.
Regulation of Working Hours: To limit the working hours of workers to prevent overwork and exploitation, ensuring that they have adequate rest and leisure time.
Welfare of Workers: To provide essential welfare amenities such as canteens, crèches, restrooms, and first-aid facilities for workers.
Child Labor Prevention: To prohibit child labor in factories and regulate the employment of adolescents.
Worker Representation: To ensure that the workers have a voice in factory management, particularly in matters of safety and health.

3. Key Provisions of the Factories Act, 1948

The Factories Act, 1948 covers a wide range of issues concerning the regulation of factory operations. The Act is divided into several sections that address different aspects of factory operations. Some of the key provisions include:

3.1 Applicability and Scope

The Act applies to all factories involved in any manufacturing process or process that employs 10 or more workers if power is used, or 20 or more workers if no power is used. The Act covers factories in both the public and private sectors.

3.2 Safety Provisions

Safety Measures for Workers: The Act mandates that factories provide adequate safety measures for workers, particularly in the case of dangerous machinery. This includes installing safety devices, machinery guards, and proper signage.
Emergency Protocols: The Act requires that factories have clear emergency exits, firefighting equipment, and first-aid kits.
Hazardous Work: Factories that engage in hazardous processes must implement strict safety protocols to protect workers from toxic exposure, machinery accidents, and other potential risks.

3.3 Working Hours and Overtime

Maximum Working Hours: The Act limits the working hours of adult workers to 8 hours per day and 48 hours per week. Overtime is permitted, but it must be compensated at double the normal hourly rate.
Rest Intervals: Workers are entitled to a rest interval of at least one hour for every 6 hours worked.
Weekly Rest: Workers are entitled to at least one day off per week, usually Sunday.

3.4 Health and Welfare Provisions

Sanitation and Cleanliness: The Act mandates adequate ventilation, lighting, and sanitation facilities in factories. The factory must also provide drinking water and clean working conditions to prevent the spread of diseases.
Welfare Amenities: Welfare provisions, such as canteens, crèches (for women workers with children), and restrooms, are required in factories with large workforces.
Medical Facilities: Factories must provide medical facilities, including first aid boxes, medical examinations, and health monitoring for workers exposed to hazardous conditions.

3.5 Child Labor and Adolescent Workers

Prohibition of Child Labor: The Act prohibits the employment of children under the age of 14 in any manufacturing process.
Regulation of Adolescent Labor: The employment of adolescents (14 to 18 years) is permitted under strict conditions to ensure their safety and health are not compromised.

3.6 Employment of Women Workers

Maternity Benefits: Female workers are entitled to maternity leave under the provisions of the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961. The Factories Act also ensures that women workers are not employed in hazardous work environments or during night shifts unless specified by the authorities.
Crèche Facilities: Factories employing 30 or more women are required to provide a crèche for their children.

3.7 Inspections and Compliance

Factory Inspections: The Act authorizes factory inspectors to visit factories regularly and ensure compliance with safety, health, and welfare regulations.
Penalties for Non-compliance: Employers who violate the provisions of the Act may face penalties, including fines or imprisonment, depending on the severity of the violation.

4. Impact of the Factories Act, 1948

The Factories Act, 1948 has played a crucial role in improving the working conditions of industrial labor in India. Some of the key impacts include:

Improved Worker Safety: The implementation of safety measures has reduced workplace accidents and fatalities in factories.
Better Health Standards: The provision of sanitation facilities, ventilation, and medical care has improved the overall health and well-being of workers.
Regulation of Working Hours: The Act has helped in reducing overwork and exploitation by enforcing working hour limits and ensuring regular rest periods.
Welfare of Women and Children: By prohibiting child labor and mandating crèches for women workers, the Act has contributed to the protection of vulnerable groups in the workforce.

5. Challenges in Implementation

Despite the progress made by the Factories Act, 1948, there are still several challenges in its implementation:

Non-compliance in Small and Informal Sectors: Many small factories and informal industries still fail to comply with the provisions of the Act due to a lack of awareness, resources, or enforcement.
Lack of Proper Inspections: While factory inspections are required, a shortage of factory inspectors and resources has hindered effective monitoring of compliance.
Worker Awareness: Many workers are not fully aware of their rights under the Act, leading to underreporting of violations and exploitation.

6. Recommendations for Strengthening the Act

To improve the effectiveness of the Factories Act, 1948, the following recommendations can be considered:

Increased Inspections and Penalties: Strengthening the enforcement mechanism by increasing the number of factory inspections and imposing stricter penalties for non-compliance.
Awareness Campaigns: Launching nationwide campaigns to educate both workers and employers about the provisions of the Act and their rights and responsibilities.
Expansion of Coverage: Expanding the scope of the Act to cover small and informal industries, where worker exploitation remains prevalent.
Use of Technology: Implementing technology solutions to monitor factory conditions, conduct virtual inspections, and keep records of compliance.

7. Conclusion

The Factories Act, 1948 is a landmark piece of legislation that has significantly improved the working conditions and welfare of industrial workers in India. However, challenges in enforcement, non-compliance, and worker awareness still persist. By addressing these challenges and enhancing the Act’s implementation, India can ensure a safer, healthier, and more equitable working environment for its industrial workforce, in line with global standards of labor rights and safety.

Industrial Application of The Factories Act, 1948

Courtesy: HSE STUDY GUIDE

The Factories Act, 1948 is a critical piece of legislation in India, regulating the working conditions, safety, and welfare of workers employed in industrial establishments. Its application spans a wide range of industries and sectors, ensuring that employers maintain safe and healthy working environments while respecting workers’ rights. The Act applies to any factory where 10 or more workers are employed (with power usage) or 20 or more workers (without power usage). Below is an exploration of the industrial applications of the Factories Act, 1948, in various sectors and the impact of the provisions within the Act.

1. Manufacturing Industry

The manufacturing industry, which encompasses a wide range of sectors, from textiles to automobile production, is one of the key sectors where the Factories Act, 1948 is directly applicable. The Act regulates essential safety standards and workers’ welfare measures in these industries.

Safety Provisions in Manufacturing:

Machinery Safety: The Act mandates that factory machinery be equipped with proper safety guards, and that machinery should be inspected regularly for maintenance. For example, in an automobile manufacturing plant, heavy machines, robotic arms, and conveyor belts should be equipped with safety devices to prevent worker accidents.
Emergency Procedures: Manufacturing factories must have clear emergency exits, fire exits, and firefighting equipment in place. Emergency drills should be conducted regularly to ensure workers know what to do in case of an emergency.
Overtime Regulations: Manufacturing units often require workers to work overtime due to production targets. The Factories Act regulates these practices by ensuring that overtime is compensated at a rate higher than regular pay, and that work hours do not exceed 8 hours per day and 48 hours per week.

Welfare in Manufacturing:

Canteens and Crèches: Large manufacturing facilities, especially those with a workforce of 30 or more women, must establish canteens and crèches. This ensures that workers are provided with adequate nutrition and mothers can take care of their young children while at work.
Sanitation and Cleanliness: The Act mandates that manufacturing units maintain clean and hygienic working conditions by providing adequate ventilation, drinking water, toilets, and washing facilities.

2. Construction Industry

The construction industry, with its heavy machinery, often hazardous working conditions, and large labor force, is another major sector where the Factories Act plays a vital role in ensuring the safety and welfare of workers.

Safety Regulations in Construction:

Protection from Hazards: Workers in the construction industry, especially those working with cranes, scaffolding, and excavation equipment, are prone to accidents. The Factories Act mandates the provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as helmets, safety harnesses, gloves, and ear protection, depending on the work environment.
Safety at Height: Construction sites often involve working at heights. The Act requires the installation of safety barriers and the use of fall arrest systems to prevent accidents.
Hazardous Material Handling: For workers handling hazardous substances like asbestos, chemicals, and cement, the Act mandates proper training, ventilation, and safety equipment.

Health and Welfare in Construction:

Sanitation and Rest Areas: The Factories Act requires that construction sites provide adequate rest areas, clean drinking water, and sanitation facilities for workers, particularly those working in remote or temporary locations.
Medical Facilities: Construction companies must provide workers with access to medical care, including first-aid kits and trained medical staff, especially when working in hazardous conditions.

3. Textile Industry

The textile industry, which is labor-intensive and requires a high level of machinery usage, is subject to several provisions under the Factories Act, 1948. This industry involves a large workforce, with workers often exposed to repetitive tasks and factory conditions that may cause health issues like respiratory diseases.

Safety and Health in the Textile Industry:

Ventilation and Air Quality: Textile factories, especially those involving spinning and weaving, produce dust and fibers that can cause respiratory issues. The Act mandates proper ventilation systems, including air purifiers and exhaust fans, to ensure that workers are not exposed to harmful air pollutants.
Noise Control: Textile factories often operate noisy machines such as looms and spinning wheels. The Factories Act requires the use of noise-reducing equipment and provides for workers to be provided with hearing protection when exposed to loud environments.
Machine Guarding: The Act ensures that all machinery in textile factories is equipped with safety guards to prevent accidents, particularly where workers operate high-speed machines or cutters.

Welfare Measures in Textiles:

Work Hours Regulation: In textile factories, the Factories Act ensures that workers do not work excessive hours. Regular breaks, rest intervals, and weekly off days are provided for workers, which improves productivity and reduces fatigue.
Child Labor Prohibition: The textile industry often faces challenges with child labor. The Factories Act prohibits the employment of children under 14 years and regulates the employment of adolescents in textiles to ensure they are not engaged in hazardous work.

4. Chemical Industry

The chemical industry presents unique challenges regarding worker safety and environmental health due to the nature of the substances handled. The Factories Act plays a crucial role in ensuring that workers handling chemicals are protected from potential hazards.

Safety Regulations in Chemicals:

Chemical Handling and Storage: Chemical plants are required by the Act to ensure that hazardous chemicals are stored in safe, clearly marked areas. Workers must be provided with appropriate protective gear, such as gloves, masks, and goggles.
Fire Safety and Emergency Response: Given the high risk of fire and explosion in chemical factories, the Factories Act mandates fire safety measures, including fire extinguishers, alarms, and emergency evacuation plans. Additionally, the Act requires regular safety drills to prepare workers for emergencies.
Ventilation: The Act requires the installation of proper ventilation systems to ensure that workers are not exposed to toxic fumes, gases, or dusts, which can lead to long-term health complications.

Health and Welfare in Chemicals:

Health Monitoring: The Factories Act mandates regular health checkups for workers exposed to toxic chemicals or those working in high-risk areas. This includes monitoring workers for symptoms of chemical poisoning or lung diseases.
Welfare Facilities: As with other industries, the Act requires that chemical plants provide workers with adequate rest areas, canteens, and sanitation facilities to ensure their overall well-being.

5. Food and Beverage Industry

The food and beverage industry is another sector where the Factories Act, 1948 is critical for ensuring hygiene, safety, and worker welfare. Given the health risks associated with food production and processing, the Act provides regulations on sanitation, health, and working conditions.

Sanitation and Safety in Food Production:

Food Safety and Hygiene: Factories engaged in food production must ensure compliance with hygiene standards outlined in the Factories Act, including the cleanliness of equipment, storage areas, and overall factory conditions to prevent contamination.
Machinery Safety: Food processing factories use heavy machinery for tasks like packaging, bottling, and canning. The Factories Act mandates that safety devices, training, and regular inspections be conducted to prevent accidents.

Welfare Measures in Food Industry:

Canteens: The Act requires that food and beverage factories with a substantial workforce provide clean and hygienic canteens, ensuring that workers have access to nutritious meals during their shifts.
Worker Health: The Factories Act ensures that workers handling food products are regularly examined for communicable diseases to prevent the spread of infections.

Conclusion

The Factories Act, 1948 is an essential piece of legislation that provides a comprehensive framework for ensuring the safety, health, and welfare of workers across various industrial sectors in India. Its application in industries such as manufacturing, construction, textiles, chemicals, and food processing has significantly improved working conditions, reduced accidents, and enhanced worker well-being. However, challenges remain in enforcing compliance, especially in smaller or informal industries, where adherence to safety and welfare regulations may not be as strict.

Continuous monitoring, education, and enforcement of the Act are crucial for ensuring that industrial growth does not come at the expense of workers’ rights and health. The future application of the Factories Act, 1948 will need to adapt to changing industrial practices, technologies, and the growing focus on worker welfare in modern industrial environments.

References

^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Statutes at Large: Statutes of the United Kingdom, 1801–1806. 1822.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Hutchins & Harrison (1911).
^ Early factory legislation. Parliament.uk. Accessed 2 September 2011.
^ “Cotton Factories Bill”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 41: cc815-6. 7 December 1819. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c “Cotton Mills Regulation Bill”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 13 (cc643-9). 16 May 1825. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
^ “Member Biographies: George Philips”. The History of Parliament. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
^ “Employment of Children”. Manchester Times. 30 May 1829. p. 263.
^ “Imperial Parliament”. Morning Post. No. 23 June 1829.
^ “Imperial Parliament (subheading: Legislative Mistake)”. Hull Packet. 30 June 1829.
^ “Apprentices in Factories”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 2 (cc584-6). 15 February 1831. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
^ “Section I: Extracts from the evidence of Working Spinners, Overlookers, and Managers Shewing the mode of conducting Cotton Factories; the Hours of Working; and the Effects of the System on the Health and Constitutions of the Children”. Reasons in favour of Sir Robert Peel’s bill, for ameliorating the condition of children employed in cotton factories; comprehending a summary view of the evidence in support of the bill, taken before the Lords’ committees in the present session of parliament. W. Clowes. 1819. pp. 1–39. Retrieved 23 July 2014. see in particular the evidence of a 36-year-old spinner Robert Hyde pp 25–30
^ John Cam Hobhouse to Richard Oastler, 16 November 1831, quoted in ‘Alfred’ The History of the Factory Movement from the year 1802, to the Enactment of the Ten Hours’ Bill in 1847, (1857) vol I, pp 138–41, reproduced in Ward, J.T. (1970). The Factory System: Volume II: The Factory System and Society (David & Charles Sources for Social & Economic History). Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-48957. (pages 92–94; quote is from page 94 of Ward)
^ Richard Oastler to John Cam Hobhouse, 19 November 1831, quoted in ‘Alfred’ The History of the Factory Movement from the year 1802, to the Enactment of the Ten Hours’ Bill in 1847, (1857) vol I, pp 141–6, reproduced in Ward, J.T. (1970). The Factory System: Volume II: The Factory System and Society (David & Charles Sources for Social & Economic History). Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-48957. (pages 94–98; quote (italics are in original) is from page 98 of Ward)
^ the correspondence can also be found as “Correspondence Relative to the Factories Act”. Leeds Intelligencer. 24 November 1831. in the British Newspaper Archive
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Factories Regulation Bill”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 11 (cc 204-5). 14 March 1832.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Factories Regulation Bill”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 11 (cc340-98). 16 March 1832.
^ “Factories’ Commission”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 17 (cc79-115). 3 April 1833. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
^ “Factories Bill”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 14 (cc965-6). 31 July 1832. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
^ “Friday’s Express”. Stamford Mercury. 10 August 1832.
^ “Local Intelligence”. Leeds Intelligencer. 11 August 1832.
^ “As to the proceedings of Mr Sadler and his committee, or rather Mr Sadler in committee, last year, they are a perfect burlesque on legislative inquiries” “Sheffield Independent“. quoting undated Manchester Guardian. 23 March 1833.
^ “Mr Sadler’s Speech”. London Standard. 2 May 1833.
^ “The Factory Commission – Replies to Mr Sadler’s Protest”. London Standard. 30 May 1833.
^ “FACTORIES REGULATIONS”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 19 (cc219-54). 5 July 1833. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
^ “Factories’ Regulations”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 19 (cc898-913). 18 July 1833. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c (Report of the Commissioners on Conditions in Factories, Parliamentary Papers, 1833, volume XX), subsequent extracts are as given in extracts from Young, G M; Hancock, W D, eds. (1956). English Historical Documents, XII(1), 1833–1874. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 934–49. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
^ Nardinelli, Clark. “Child Labor and the Factory Acts.” The Journal of Economic History 40, no. 4 (1980): 739–55. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2119999.
^ Rodney Mace (1999). British Trade Union Posters: An Illustrated History. Sutton Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 0750921587.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b R J Saunders “Report on the Establishment of Schools in the Factory District” in Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons (1843). Parliamentary Papers, House of Commons and Command. H.M. Stationery Office.
^ “Factories Regulation Bill”. The Examiner. 9 February 1834. p. 8.
^ “Parliamentary Analysis”. Morning Post. 21 February 1834. p. 3.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c “Factory Bill”. Caledonian Mercury. 23 February 1835. p. 4.
^ “Factory Question”. Evening Standard. London. 10 June 1836. p. 2.
^ “The 1833 Factory Act”. UK Parliament.
^ “Information on the Factory Act”. Leeds Times. 28 February 1835. p. 3.
^ “Factories Regulation Bill”. Manchester Times. 14 March 1835. p. 3.
^ “New Factory Bill”. Bolton Chronicle. 19 September 1835. p. 2.
^ “The Factory Bill”. Westmorland Gazette. 26 March 1836. p. 1.
^ “Factories Regulations Bill”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 33: cc737-88. 9 May 1836. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
^ “Factories”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 34: cc306-7. 10 June 1836. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
^ “The Standard”. Evening Standard. London. 6 April 1837. p. 2.
^ full text of the draft Bill is given in “New Factory Bill”. Leeds Mercury. 28 April 1838. p. 7.
^ “Imperial Parliament”. Bell’s Weekly Messenger. 6 May 1838. p. 4.
^ “Factory Bill”. Sherborne Mercury. 11 June 1838. p. 3.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Factories”. Evening Standard. London. 23 June 1838. p. 4.: not to be found in the on-line Hansard; that jumps from volume 42 to volume 44
^ “Great Radical Demonstration on Kersal Moor”. Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser. 29 September 1838. p. 4.
^ “The Peep Green Demonstration”. Leeds Times. 20 October 1838. p. 5.
^ “Children in Factories”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 44: cc383-443. 20 July 1838. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
^ full text is given in “New Factory Bill”. Leeds Mercury. 2 March 1839. p. 6.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Factories”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 48: cc1063-94. 1 July 1839. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
^ “The Parliament”. The Champion. 7 July 1839. p. 2.
^ “Factories”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 49. 26 July 1839.
^ “The Factory Act”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 52: cc860-1. 3 March 1840. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
^ “Factory Bill”. Leeds Mercury. 28 March 1840. p. 5.
^ “Factory Bill”. Leeds Mercury. 18 July 1840. p. 4.
^ “Employment of Children”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 55: cc1260-79. 4 August 1840. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
^ “List of commissions and officials: 1840–1849 (nos. 29–52):29 . Children’s Employment 1840-3”. British History Online. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
^ “Children in Factories”. Morning Post. 27 March 1841. p. 2.
^ “The Poor Law Amendment Bill”. Evening Mail. London. 31 March 1841. pp. 5–6.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Factories Bill”. Yorkshire Gazette. 1 May 1841. p. 7.
^ “Factories”. Birmingham Journal. 3 April 1841. p. 3.
^ “Notice of Motions”. Evening Mail. 24 May 1841. p. 6.
^ “Church Rates”. Evening Chronicle. 9 June 1841. p. 2.
^ “Lord Ashley and the Ten Hours Factory Bill”. London Evening Standard. 8 September 1841. p. 2.
^ “Factory Bill”. Evening Standard. London. 3 February 1842. p. 2.
^ “Poor-Law – Factory Regulations”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 60: cc100-2. 7 February 1842. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Employment of Women and Children in Mines and Collieries”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 63: cc1320-64. 7 June 1842. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
^ “House of Commons, July 11”. Evening Standard. London. 12 July 1842. p. 2.
^ 2nd Report of the Commission on the Employment of Children (Trades and Manufactures), (1843) Parliamentary Papers volume XIII, pp 195–204 as quoted in Royston Pike, E, ed. (1966). Human Documents of the Industrial Revolution. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. pp. 204–208. ISBN 9780049420601.
^ Horner, Leonard (7 March 1843). “Reports of the Inspectors of Factories”. Morning Post. p. 3.
^ “The Government Factory Bill”. Northern Star and Leeds General Advertiser. 25 March 1843. p. 20.
^ “Condition and Education of the Poor”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 67: cc47-114. 28 February 1843. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
^ “Factories – Education”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 67: cc1411-77. 24 March 1843. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
^ e.g. open letter by Edward Baines junior published as “Effect of the Government Education Bill on Sunday Schools”. Leeds Mercury. 8 April 1843. p. 4.; Jelinger Cookson Symons, a member of the Commission staff who Baines had attacked by name responded in “Morals and Education in the Manufacturing Districts”. Leeds Mercury. 30 September 1843. p. 6.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Petitions Against the Factory Bill”. Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser. 19 August 1843. p. 5.
^ “Political Intelligence”. Leeds Times. 22 July 1843. p. 3.
^ “National Education”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 68: cc744-7. 10 April 1843. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
^ “The Factories Education Bill”. Staffordshire Advertiser. 15 April 1843. p. 1.
^ “FACTORIES—EDUCATION”. Hansard House of Commons Debates: cc1103-30. 1 May 1843. Retrieved 30 August 2015. reports his exposition of the amendments; text of amended clauses is in “Factories Education Bill Amended clauses proposed by Sir James Graham”. Evening Chronicle. 3 May 1843. pp. 3–4.
^ e.g. “Factories Education Bill Large and Important Meeting in the Tower Hamlets”. Morning Chronicle. 12 May 1843. p. 6. – page 6 also gives accounts of a similar meeting at “St James Clerken Well” and a “Great Meeting at Manchester”
^ “The Factories — Education”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 69: cc1567-70. 15 June 1843. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “State of Public Business”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 70: cc1215-23. 17 July 1843. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
^ “The Factories Bill”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 70: cc483-4. 30 June 1843. Retrieved 30 August 2015. gives Graham’s explanation of this
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Sir James Graham’s Third Edition. Labour clauses – Compulsory Education”. Leeds Mercury. 1 July 1843. p. 4.
^ “Public Business – Withdrawal of Measures”. 70. 20 July 1843: cc1281-3. Retrieved 30 August 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ “Employment of Children in Factories”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 72: cc277-86. 6 February 1844. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
^ brief abstract is given in e.g. “The New Factory Bill”. Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser. 17 February 1844. p. 7.
^ “Hours of Labour in Factories”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 73: cc1073-155. 15 March 1844. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
^ “Hours of Labour in Factories – Adjourned Debate”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 73: cc1177-267. 18 March 1844. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c “Hours of Labour in Factories”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 73 (cc1371-464). 22 March 1844. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
^ names and constituencies given in “The Worcester Journal”. Berrow’s Worcester Journal. 28 March 1844. p. 3.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Hours of Labour in Factories”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 73: cc1482-525. 25 March 1844. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
^ see account given by Sir James Graham in 1846 “The Factories Bill”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 85 (cc1222-50). 29 April 1846. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
^ Letter Sir Robert Peel to Frederick Peel dated Friday June 1844 printed in Peel, George (1920). The Private Letters of Sir Robert Peel. London: John Murray. pp. 257–8. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
^ Hutchins, B L; Harrison, A (1903). A History of Factory Legislation. Westminster: P King and Sons. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
^ “The Ten Hours Act The Relay System at Colne”. Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser. 25 August 1849.
^ “Factories”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 109 (cc883-933). 14 March 1850. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
^ A Manufacturer (27 April 1850). “The Ten Hours Act”. Leeds Mercury. giving text of a letter to the Times – John Walter, both the editor of the Times and a Government MP, was said by contemporaries to have discussed such a scheme before the date the letter was supposedly written
^ Jump up to:^a ^b letter Lord Ashley, dated 7 May, to “The Short Time Committees of Lancashire and Yorkshire””Lord Ashley and the Factory Act”. London Standard. 9 May 1850.
^ “The Factory Question”. Preston Chronicle and Lancashire Advertiser. 18 May 1850.
^ (von) Plener, Ernst (1873). The English Factory Legislation, from 1802 Till the Present Time. Translated by Weinmann, Frederick L. (1st ed.). London: Chapman and Hall.
^ “The Ten Hour Bill – The Government Measure”. Preston Chronicle. 1 June 1850. p. 7.
^ The citation of this Act by this short title was authorised by the Short Titles Act 1896, section 1 and the first schedule. Due to the repeal of those provisions it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the Interpretation Act 1978.
^ “Factories Bill”. Hansard House of Commons Debates. 141 (cc351-77). 2 April 1856. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Martineau, Harriet (1855). The factory controversy; a warning against meddling legislation. Manchester: National Association of Factory Operatives. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d This short title was conferred on this Act by section 1 of this Act.
^ This short title was conferred on this Act by section 2 of the Factory and Workshop Act 1871
^ Bleaching and Dyeing Works Act 1860 (23 & 24 Vict. c. 78)
^ Lace Factory Act 1861 (24 & 25 Vict. c. 117)
^ Bleaching and Dyeing Works Act Amendment Act 1863 (26 & 27 Vict. c. 38)
^ Bleaching and Dyeing Works Act Extension Act 1864 (27 & 28 Vict. c. 98)
^ “The New Act on Factories and Workshops”. Kentish Gazette. 30 August 1870. p. 8.
^ paragraph (not separately titled) in editorial material under general heading “Birmingham Daily Gazette”. 3 August 1870. p. 4.
^ “The Jews and the Factory Act”. Glasgow Herald. 30 July 1870. p. 3.
^ Factory acts
^ “Inspectors of Factories”. Liverpool Daily Post. 30 August 1871. p. 5.
^ “The Royal Commission on the Factory and Workshops Acts : Sittings at Sheffield”. Sheffield Daily Telegraph. 14 July 1875. p. 3. gives details for Sheffield
^ “Correspondence”. Western Daily Press. 22 June 1871. p. 3. gives a concise account of the history of the measure
^ summarised in “The ‘Factories, Hours of Labour’ Bill”. Bolton Evening News. 18 April 1872. p. 3.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Trades Union Congress at Leeds”. Sheffield Daily Telegraph. 14 January 1873. p. 3.
^ “Factories”. Nottingham Journal. 21 August 1874. p. 3.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c “Second Reading”. Hansard House of Lords Debates. 220: cc1326-40. 9 July 1874.
^ The Short Titles Act 1896, section 2(1) and the second schedule
^ “House of Commons Hansard; vol 319 c1199”. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 29 January 1937. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
^ Factories Act 1937 (PDF). London: His Majesty’s stationery Office. 30 July 1937. ISBN 0-10-549690-1. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
^ “Factories Act 1959”. www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 22 December 2018.